Mykola Petrushenko

The paper analyzes the current state of the shadow relations in business activities in Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to investigate the current state of the shadow relations in business activity in Ukraine and abroad; find out the essence of the term “the relations unshadowing in business activity”, develop the suggestions, which are aimed at improving the scientific approaches to the economic and legal principles of the relations unshadowing in business activity as a factor of an influence at the macroeconomic level. The issue of sensitive motivation system creating is actualized for the purpose of the economic activities unshadowing. It is proved that it is impossible now to accurately assess the extent of the shadow economy. The economic and legal ways of improving the business unshadowing are proposed, as well as the integration of the relations unshadowing in the business activities into a system of safety factors at the macroeconomic level. Namely, the institutional and structural factors, including: an influence on the structural policy and mechanism of its implementation, possible changes in the structure of the public administration, institutional changes, management of the state corporate rights, as well as a new stage of denationalization of the property and the privatization; programmatic and strategic factors: the economic development strategy, targeted state programs, as well as the state programs of the social and economic development; financial, investment, competition, and innovation factors: the competition policy and its implementation, the state investment policy and its implementation, innovation policy and its implementation, as well as the impact on financial and economic processes in the state. Based on the research, the ways to improve the economic unshadowing issue are proposed, in particular through the introduction of changes to the existing regulatory legislation.

Investing in recreation and wellness in transitional economies requires updating an inclusive approach and adjusting national regional policies. The article aims to provide the game and theoretical decision-making modeling regarding the direction of capital investment in the development of inclusive wellness and recreation in the regions of Ukraine. Considering this, a comparative analysis of relevant indicators, above all, the self-assessment level of population health, has been conducted. The “game against nature” method allows formalizing the social and market contradictions of regional development of wellness and recreation. Using Ukraine as an example, the analysis of the payoff matrix by decision-making criteria such as the Bayes-Laplace’s criterion, the Savage’s criterion, the Wald’s criterion and the Hurwitz’s criteria, establishes the priority areas for investment: the maximum investment amount is for the middle-income regions and the minimum – for the high-income regions. However, there is a significant disparity in investment in health and recreation across regions. The situation requires a transformation of the target function: from providing social subsidies to maximizing person’s well-being in the physical, mental, social and financial aspects. In the absence of inclusive economic institutions, it is proposed to equalize the weight of the “investment in health” and “investment in recreation” factors and redistribute the total volume of capital investment in regions with relatively low solvency and population health indicators.

Sustainable development for transition economies is an opportunity to accelerate and complete socio-economic transformations and at the same time an additional responsibility in situations of instability and uncertainty. The chances for strengthening sustainability are growing within the organized innovation space, which makes it possible to model scenarios of ecologically oriented development and, with the help of state and international support, to start their implementation. The paper aims to analyze the possibilities and directions of creating eco-industrial parks in a transition economy. It uses an innovative helix model in its triple, quadruple and quintuple variations for functioning and sustainable development of industrial parks in Ukraine.
The study adopts a descriptive comparative analysis of data on the planning and implementation of economic, primarily environmentally relevant, activities. Based on the analysis and description of exogenous factors, in particular within GEIPP, a SWOT table on the potential of eco-industrial parks was formed. The directions of development of industrial, technological, and scientific parks in Ukraine are determined using the quintuple helix model on the plane of “knowledge-innovation”, in particular on quadruple helix transition to sustainability through the simultaneous development of socially oriented and environmental activities. Within the legislation, it is proposed to approve a sustainable form of artificially separated innovation parks, namely the “eco-industrial park”. One of the conditions for advanced sustainable development in Ukraine is the creation of a national program to support the transformation of innovation parks into their environmental versions 2.0 and 3.0, as well as investing in greenfield eco-industrial parks.

The threat of rapid spread of COVID-19 infection was felt primarily by residents of big cities and in the economy of resort towns the tourism and recreation sector suffered the most. At the same time, the need for travelling and recreation in conditions of forced isolation and the need for rehabilitation of citizens has not decreased. Accordingly, the municipal authorities should carry out appropriate organizational and financial measures aimed at maintaining the functioning of the domestic market of recreational and tourist services. The study aims to analyze the indicators of financing tourism and recreation within the socio-economic programs of urban development in order to develop recommendations based on the results to improve this funding within the adaptation to the conditions of the pandemic period. This was done by analyzing the development programs of the city of Odesa in Ukraine, the effect of which extends to the pre-pandemic period of 2019, as well as the years of the pandemic 2020–2022. In substantiating the budgeting mechanism within urban development programs built on a systematic approach at the stage of comparative assessment of recreational expectations based on the modified Vroom model one took into account such indicators as: percentage of recreation costs, variability of prices for recreational services, anxiety associated with the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, etc. Within the proposed mechanism recommendations are aimed at justifying decisions regarding the variability of funding in urban programs relevant to the development of recreation and tourism, namely, by increasing the funding from the development budget and increasing control over the implementation of these programs, as well as improving the coordination function in order to prepare the ground for the implementation of “4P” and “people-first” models in recreation and tourism at the municipal level.

Acknowledgment
The paper contains the results of research conducted under the National Academy of Science of Ukraine’s grant Formation and Use of Natural-Resource Assets of the Recreational and Tourism Sphere (0120U100159) and the Nominal Scholarship of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine for Young Scientists-Doctors of Sciences for 2021 (0121U113482).

In conditions of forced isolation, nature-based tourism meets the needs of safe and comfortable recreation and travel combined with the solution of acute issues of medical treatment and rehabilitation during the pandemic and post-pandemic periods. This study aims to develop a model for decision-making on change management in nature tourism based on the approach of linear economic and mathematical programming. The paper formalized changes in the variability of objective function parameters of the model and the system of its restrictions, following the structure of assets of nature-based tourism, balanced by the sustainability principle. The algorithm for implementing the model includes four stages: collection and processing of relevant data on nature-based tourism; considering changes in the objective function and the system of its limitations; linear programming with variability tests using the simplex method; defining ranges/limits in which decisions are made. The initial data are summarized and averaged based on the primary data analysis on the functioning of sanatoriums and other tourist and recreational facilities in Ukraine. Short-term nature-based tourism is considered, the services of which are classified according to the criterion of the primary purpose of travel: “wow-effect” tourism, sports tourism, health tourism, traditional recreation, and green tourism. The results make it possible to substantiate decisions on changes in recreational land areas and human resources, on the limits of changes in income due to the dynamics of service prices, as well as determine the price range while maintaining income structure and sustainability limits for natural and human assets of nature-based tourism.

Acknowledgment
The paper contains the results of a study conducted under the National Academy of Science of Ukraine’s grant Formation and Use of Natural-Resource Assets of the Recreational and Tourism Sphere (0120U100159) and the Nominal Scholarship of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine for Young Scientists-Doctors of Sciences for 2021 (0121U113482).

The wellness and recreation situation in its complexity does not significantly differ from other socio-economic problems of urban agglomerations in Ukraine and needs to be addressed in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals, especially in improving public well-being and health. The purpose of this article is to identify the relationship between health improvement, recreation and tourism, displayed in the management structure of the urban agglomeration, and the social, environmental and economic state of wellness and recreation. The relationship is determined by the index method/geometric mean of relevant relative indices (inclusion, experience economy, health improvement with rest, recovery function of leisure, wellness and recreation ecology) with the 2009–2018 dynamics by regions with the largest urban agglomerations of Ukraine. The analysis of management structures of the Dnipro, Kyiv, Odesa and Kharkiv executive bodies reveals special aspects in reflecting the wellness and recreation functions, including tourism and urban ecology. Based on the comparison of rating analyses, it is justified whether wellness and recreation reflected in the structure of urban agglomeration management meets its social, environmental and economic health. Comparison results for the relative indices of wellness and recreation in urban agglomerations and regions of Ukraine by economic (income level, directing additional funds for recreation), social (health, no impact of diseases on performance) or environmental (air pollution per person) factors, as well as altogether (comparison of integral indicators), are the basis for smoothing the situation with wellness and recreation in the country according to the inclusive sustainable development principle.

Acknowledgment
The article contains the results of research conducted under the President of Ukraine’s grant for competitive projects (0119U103141).

The European Green Deal by the European Commission is an ambitious policy aimed at achieving a climate-neutral economy. For Ukraine, the EGD is a priority in accelerating its European integration processes until 2030. The study aims to determine the country’s ability to manage change towards the implementing the concept of sustainable development, adjusted in accordance with the European Green Deal’s provisions, based on the analysis of SDG achievements in Ukraine, as well as on the identified quantitative results of readiness for change. The ability to manage change is determined by applying methods of analysis and generalization of descriptive statistics related to aspects of sustainable development and the EGD, as well as quantifying intermediate and final integral values of change management in Ukraine in the EGD context. The relationship between the SDGs and the EGD provisions on the “need for very high sustainability – sufficiency of weak sustainability” continuum was prioritized. The proposed provisions of the cooperation program provide for a thorough analysis of Ukrainian, European and global trends in the field of climate change and relevant sustainable development policies, use of statistical data, constant monitoring of indicators characterizing the dynamics of socio-economic, environmental and demographic status of the state and regions in connection with climate change, generalization of the experience of a climate-neutral economy, green energy, European integration processes, etc. The program is interdisciplinary in nature, which allows to get a comprehensive vision and provide a systematic solution to the problem of transforming the national economy in accordance with the European Green Deal.

Acknowledgment
The paper contains the results of research conducted under the President of Ukraine’s grant Formation and Use of Natural-Resource Assets of the Recreational and Tourism Sphere (0120U100159).