Sustainable development of urban agglomerations: Evidence from Kazakhstan
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Author(s)Gulmira GalymkyzyLink to ORCID Index: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0872-5885
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Laura AshirbekovaLink to ORCID Index: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0377-7854
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Zaira SatpayevaLink to ORCID Index: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1644-3709
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DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.24(3).2026.27
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Article InfoVolume 24 2026, Issue #3, pp. 422–438
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Type of the article: Research Article
Abstract
Intensifying urbanization has created significant social, economic, and environmental sustainability challenges. The study aims to analyze the sustainable development of urban agglomerations in Kazakhstan. Five urban agglomerations (Aktobe, Almaty, Astana, Karaganda, and Shymkent) are evaluated using our methodological framework, which involves social, economic, and environmental sub-indices and their aggregation into an integral Urban Agglomeration Sustainability Index interpreted according to our normalized scale. The analysis utilizes 21 indicators from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan, covering the period from 2016 to 2024. Findings indicate that the population of Kazakhstan’s urban agglomerations increased to 8,885.1 thousand people (27.0%) between 2016 and 2024. Ongoing urbanization is characterized by both polarization and scale effect. Kazakhstan’s urban agglomerations remain in a developing stage, exhibiting mostly quasi-sustainability (level B). In 2024, the Urban Agglomeration Sustainability Index was 18.2 (A) for Astana, 16.2 (B) for Almaty, 14.5 (B) for Karaganda, 13.0 (B) for Aktobe, and 11.1 (B) for Shymkent, out of a maximum of 27. The hierarchy of leaders (Astana and Almaty) and outsiders (Shymkent) has remained stable throughout the period. Functional specialization is evident: Astana demonstrates high social sustainability (7.4, A), Karaganda excels in economic sustainability (7.0, A), and Aktobe leads in environmental sustainability (6.0, A). These results underscore the need for comprehensive, balanced policies that foster simultaneous development across economic, social, and environmental domains, reduce interregional disparities, and establish mechanisms for sustainable growth.
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JEL Classification (Paper profile tab)O18, P25, R58
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References91
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Tables5
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Figures3
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- Figure 1. Kazakhstan’s urban agglomeration social sustainability index, 2016–2024
- Figure 2. Kazakhstan’s urban agglomeration economic sustainability index, 2016–2024
- Figure 3. Kazakhstan’s urban agglomeration environmental sustainability index, 2016–2024
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- Table 1. Urban agglomeration sustainability index structure
- Table 2. Source base of the study
- Table 3. Interpretation of the sustainability index
- Table 4. Population of urban agglomerations of Kazakhstan, thousand people, 2016–2024
- Table 5. Kazakhstan’s urban agglomeration sustainability index, 2016–2024
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Green bonds of supranational financial institutions: On the road to sustainable development
Nataliia Versal ,
Antonina Sholoiko
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.19(1).2022.07
Investment Management and Financial Innovations Volume 19, 2022 Issue #1 pp. 91-105 Views: 3295 Downloads: 1085 TO CITE АНОТАЦІЯThe move to sustainable development and building a carbon-low economy needs funding. In this regard, a new direction in finance – green (sustainable) finance – has emerged. One of the green finance instruments is green bonds, first issued by supranational financial institutions. This paper aims to identify the features of green bond issues and implemented green projects by the World Bank (the WB) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the EBRD). Data were obtained from databases and reports of the WB, the EBRD, and the Climate Bonds Initiative. Data analysis was provided using statistical methods, particularly descriptive and comparative statistics. A positive trend in the issue of green bonds in the volumes and timing of the WB and the EBRD was revealed, despite the shift in emphasis caused by COVID-19. Renewable energy, energy efficiency, and clean transportation remain the primary directions of the WB, and the EBRD green projects amounted to more than 60% of total projects funding. The geography of green projects financed through the WB and the EBRD green bonds indicates that green projects are receiving significant funding from countries facing environmental challenges and demonstrating intent to green transition (the WB – China and India, the EBRD – Turkey, Poland, and Egypt). Supranational financial institutions were the first to come to the forefront of sustainable development funding and are now spearheading the creation of new financial instruments aimed at financing both green and social projects, leading to the emergence of sustainability bonds.
Acknowledgment(s)
The authors would like to thank the participants of the 1st International Conference on Sustainable Development (SDL 2021) for providing the valuable remarks and a fruitful discussion. This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. -
Driving sustainability entrepreneurship in Indonesian batik MSMEs: The role of sustainability orientation and government support
Nugroho Mardi Wibowo
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.23(1).2025.41
Problems and Perspectives in Management Volume 23, 2025 Issue #1 pp. 544-556 Views: 2737 Downloads: 1005 TO CITE АНОТАЦІЯAs a traditional Indonesian craft, batik holds immense cultural significance and economic potential. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a significant decline in the growth of batik micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia. This study aims to investigate the role of sustainable orientation and government support in encouraging sustainable entrepreneurship within this sector. The data were obtained using purposive sampling of 32 MSMEs and 89 respondents, including owners, managers, and senior employees. Data analysis was done using the Structural Equation Modeling – Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) method. The results reveal that economic factors have the greatest influence on the development of sustainable entrepreneurial businesses. While social and environmental considerations also play a role, they are secondary to economic issues. In addition, the study reveals that a strong sustainability orientation, characterized by a balanced emphasis on economic, social, and environmental dimensions, as well as supportive government policies, significantly encourages sustainable entrepreneurship. This orientation motivates businesses to adopt long-term perspectives, prioritize sustainable resource use, and consider the social impact of their operations. It also highlights practical strategies for policymakers and entrepreneurs to integrate sustainability into traditional industries. Therefore, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on sustainable entrepreneurship, which offers insights into harnessing cultural heritage for economic advantage globally post-pandemic.
Acknowledgment
The author gratefully acknowledges the financial support provided by the Directorate of Research, Technology, and Community Service under the auspices of the Directorate General of Higher Education, Research, and Technology, Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia. This article was funded through the Higher Education Excellence Applied Research Program under contract number 009/SP2H/PT-L/LL7/2023. -
The role of environmental sustainability as a mediator in the relationship between green accounting and corporate performance in Jordan
Yaser Al Frijat ,
Mohammad Altawalbeh ,
Mohammad Al-Hajaia
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.23(2).2025.16
Problems and Perspectives in Management Volume 23, 2025 Issue #2 pp. 236-251 Views: 2629 Downloads: 985 TO CITE АНОТАЦІЯGreen accounting is becoming a top issue in global opinion, especially given the environmental and climatic conditions that have become a concern for all countries. The study aims to explore the role of environmental sustainability as a mediator in the relationship between green accounting and corporate performance in Jordan. In the sample of industrial company managers, 259 responses were deemed suitable for in-depth statistical analysis. Smart PLS 4 was employed to analyze sample responses. The structural modeling findings demonstrate a positive association between green accounting and environmental sustainability with a p-value of 0.000, which is significant at the 0.05 level. Path coefficients corroborated the statistically significant positive association between green accounting and company performance, which was significant at the 0.05 level with a p-value of 0.029. The findings also demonstrate an influential correlation between environmental sustainability and company performance with a p-value of 0.000, which is significant at the 0.05 level. The results confirmed that environmental sustainability had an influential mediating influence on the relationship between green accounting and corporate performance with a p-value of 0.000.
