Influence of state policy components on the rate of violence and crime against human life and health

The widespread use of information and communication technologies and subsequent transformations have led to the formation of a digital economy (DE). The European Union, as an international organization, has become the subject of building such an economy, striving to bring member countries closer in the field of digitalization.
The aim of this paper is to compare the DE development parameters of the EU countries based on cluster analysis and determine the most significant of them to solve the problems of bridging the digital divide between countries. For clustering, a feature DE vector of 20 indicators was created and the k-means algorithm and the Euclidean distance metric were used. For classification, the decision tree method was applied.
Three clusters of EU countries were identified by the level of DE development (leaders, followers and outsiders), which allowed assessing their positions relative to each other. Key parameters that determine countries’ positions in the general rating are identified. A parameter chart is generated to control the establishment of DE in the EU countries, which, in addition to key parameters, includes maximum, minimum and harmonic mean values of these parameters by cluster. This characterizes the landscape of DE development in the EU countries, assesses the digital divide and is the basis for decision-making in the area of bridging this divide.

The training of law specialists in the context of the European integration processes should be based on educational standards and requirements both of the national legislation and international acts. In present conditions of dynamic development of social relations and, accordingly, the development and improvement of legislation, the scientific knowledge of legal phenomena becomes increasingly important both in practical activities (law-making and law enforcement) and in the process of training of specialists in the field of law. The knowledge of legal phenomena, categories, concepts and terms is a complex process of understanding the essence, content and structure of these phenomena in the process of scientific activity aimed at identifying the true characteristics of the surrounding social and legal environment in order to obtain the knowledge about these phenomena, their objective relationships and principles for their further use in practical legal activity (law-making and law enforcement).The application of scientific principles in legal education does not cause any doubt, however methodological approaches and the issues of employment of certain methodological techniques to ensure the unity of science and practice remain controversial. The article presents the author’s vision of solving complex issues relating to the understanding of the essence of legal phenomena by unifying the terminology, improving the conceptual apparatus and applying the relevant classification, etc. The presented authors’ reflections will help find the optimal model for developing a training process for specialists in the field of law. Such a model should take into account not only the labor market demand but also the practical skills and knowledge of law and legal practice. Therefore it is extremely important to use scientific principles in the educational process, the formation of scientific thinking of students and acquisition by them of scientific approaches and the methodology of scientific research.

The study of various aspects of social economy is stipulated by the fact that the focus of any economic system is the human being as the main object and the result of economic activity. The purpose of this paper is to cluster of social economies of the countries throughout the world with distinguishing the models of social economy for transition economies under globalization conditions.
The results of research represent four clusters of social economy that prove validity of classification of 4 classic models of social economy: liberal, Scandinavian, corporatist, and Mediterranean. While the most developed countries have effective models of social economy, there is still no clear concept of social development for transition economies. This paper deals with social economy clustering of different countries with the view to determinate the place of transition economies in social metrics of global economy.
Our study is limited to the number of countries – 40 countries of the world, mainly European, and timeframes – 2015 and 2016.
The obtained results could be taken into account by governments when developing and implementing new social policy for transition economies considering the experience of countries with classical social models. The authors propose the main practical tools for transition social model.
It is proposed to distinguish one more model of social economy – the transition model, typical for transition economies that implement social reforms and has some common features.