The Covid-19 pandemic and livelihood vulnerabilities of people in urban areas of Vietnam
-
DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.20(3).2022.35
-
Article InfoVolume 20 2022, Issue #3, pp. 437-447
- Cited by
- 364 Views
-
109 Downloads
This work is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
This study was carried out to examine the livelihood vulnerabilities encountered by residents in Vietnam’s urban areas during the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic. People’s vulnerabilities are approached in terms of employment and income vulnerabilities. The study compares the changes in income and employment of residents in Vietnam’s urban regions during the outbreak of Covid-19 and after the epidemic which is gradually controlled to determine the livelihood losses that people in urban areas face. Data for the study were collected from 206 families in Vietnam’s urban areas that were directly affected by the epidemic. The multivariate regression method is used to evaluate people’s vulnerability during epidemic outbreaks. According to the findings of the study, the income disparity between the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic and the end of the epidemic is fairly considerable (about VND 7.6189 million/month). The multivariate regression model’s results reveal that the degree of government assistance provided during the epidemic time has the greatest positive impact on people’s income and quality of life (Standardized Coefficients = 0.584), whereas people’s unemployment during the pandemic outbreak period has a negative impact, causing damage to people’s income (Standardized Coefficients = –0.395). The study will recommend new livelihood strategies for residents in the context of Vietnam’s “new normal” based on the findings of the investigation.
- Keywords
-
JEL Classification (Paper profile tab)D10, O10, R10, R20
-
References40
-
Tables6
-
Figures0
-
- Table 1. Variables of the model
- Table 2. Vulnerabilities of livelihood to employment
- Table 3. Comparison of income and expenditure difference
- Table 4. Model summary
- Table 5. ANOVA
- Table 6. Coefficients
-
- Adger, W., Kelly, P., & Ninh, N. (2001). Environment, Society and precipitous change. In Living with environmental change: social vulnerability, adaptation and resilience in Vietnam (pp. 3-18). London: Routledge.
- Anggita, S. T., Irham, & Waluyati, L. R. (2021). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on urban farming household income in Yogyakarta City. E3S Web of Conferences 306, 1st ICADAI 2021.
- Bamweyana, I., Okell, D. A., Ssengend, R., Mazimwe, A., Ojirot, P., Mubiru, F., Ndungo, L., Kiyingi, C. N., Ndyabakira, A., Bamweyana, S., & Zabali, F. (2020). Socio-Economic Vulnerability to COVID-19: The Spatial Case of Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area (GKMA). Journal of Geographic Information System, 12(4), 302-318.
- Bezerra, A., Silva, C., Soares, F., & Silva, J. (2020). Factors associated with people’s behavior in social isolation during the Covid-19 pandemic. Ciencia & Saude Coletiva, 25(suppl1), 2411-2421.
- Bhagat, R., Reshmi, R., Sahoo, H., Roy, A., & Govil, D. (2020). The COVID-19, migration and livelihood in India: challenges and policy issues. Migration Letters, 17(5), 705-718.
- Buheji, M., da Costa Cunha, K., Beka, G., Bartola Mavrić, do Carmo de Souza, Y. L., Souza da Costa Silva, S., Hanafi, M., & Yein, T. C. (2020). The extent of Covid-19 pandemic socio-economic impact on global poverty. a global integrative multidisciplinary review. American Journal of Economics, 10(4), 213-224.
- Bui, T., Schreinemachers, P., & Berger, T. (2013). Hydropower development in Vietnam: Involuntary resettlement and factors enabling rehabilitation. Land Use Policy, 31, 536-544.
- Bury, J. (2004). Livelihood in transition: Transnational gold mining operation and local change in Cajamarca, Peru. The Geographical Journal, 170(1), 78-91.
- Dao, Q., Le, T., & Pham, V. (2022). Changes in Income Distribution During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Empirical Evidence from Vietnam. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 9(1), 241-248.
- DFID. (1999). Sustainable livelihood guidance sheets. London: DFID.
- GSO. (2021a). Report on the influence of Covid-19 on economy. (In Vietnamese).
- GSO. (2021b). Survey on the impact of Covid-19 on enterprises and labors. Hanoi: General Statistics Office. (In Vietnamese).
- GSO. (2022a). Report on the impact of the Covid-19 epidemic on labor and employment situation in the first quarter of 2022. (In Vietnamese).
- GSO. (2022b). Report the influence of Covid-19 on laborers’ income and employment. (In Vietnamese).
- Guo, J., Feng, X., Wang, X., & van IJzendoorn, M. (2020). Coping with COVID-19: exposure to COVID-19 and negative impact on livelihood predict elevated mental health problems in Chinese adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 3857.
- Huynh, D., Truong, T., & Duong, L., Nguyen, N. T., Dao, G. V. H., & Dao, C. N. (2021). The COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Impacts on Tourism Business in a Developing City: Insight from Vietnam. Economies, 9(4), 172.
- Huynh, T., & Mai, V. (2011). Phan tich cac yeu to anh huong den thu nhap cua ho chan nuoi gia cam o dong bang song cuu long [Analysis of factors affecting the income of poultry farmers in the Mekong Delta]. Vietnam Journals OnLine, 17(b), 87-96. (In Vietnamese).
- ILO. (2020). Danh gia nhanh tac dong cua dai dich COVID-19 toi doanh nghiep va nguoi lao dong trong mot so nganh kinh te chinh: Ung pho, dieu chinh va kha nang phuc hoi [Quick impact assessment of COVID-19 pandemic on the key economic sectors: Responses, adjustment and resilience of businesses and workers]. (In Vietnamese).
- Jansen, H., Pender, J., Damon, A., Wielemaker, W., & Schipper, R. (2006). Policies for sustainable development in the hillside areas of Honduras: A quantitative livelihoods approach. Agricultural Economics, 34(2), 141-153.
- Le, L., & Le, T. (2020). Determinants of Income Diversification among Rural Households in the Mekong River Delta: The Economic Transition Period. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(5), 291-304.
- Le, T., Pham, V., Cu, T., Pham, M., & Dao, Q. (2020). The effect of industrial park development on people’s lives. Management Science Letters, 10(7), 1487-1496.
- Nelson, R., Kokic, P., & Crimp, S., Martin, P., Meinke, H., Howden, S. M., de Voil, P., & Nidumolu, U. (2010). The vulnerability of Australian rural communities to climate variability and change: Part II – integrating impacts with adaptive capacity. Environmental Science & Policy, 13(1), 18-27.
- Nelson, R., Kokic, P., Elliston, L., & King, J. A. (2005). Structural adjustment: a vulnerability index for Australian broadacre Agriculture. Australian Commodities: Forecasts and Issues, 12(1), 171-179.
- Nguyen, H., & Tran, M. (2021). The Effect of Perceived Organizational Support on Employee Engagement During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Empirical Study in Vietnam. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(6), 415-426.
- Nguyen, Q., & Bui, V. (2011). Cac yeu to anh huong den thu nhap cua nguoi dan toc thieu so o vung dong bang song cuu long [Factors affecting the income of ethnic minorities in the Mekong Delta]. Vietnam Journals OnLine, 18(a), 240-250. (In Vietnamese).
- Nguyen, V. (2014). Giao trinh thuc hanh nghien cu trong kinh te va quan tri kinh doanh [Curriculum of research practice in economics and business administration]. Vietnam: National Economics University Publishing House. (In Vietnamese).
- Obrenovic, B., Du, J., Godinic, D., Tsoy, D., Khan, M. A. S., & Jakhongirov, I. (2020). Sustaining enterprise operations and productivity during the Covid-19 pandemic: “Enterprise Effectiveness and Sustainability Model”. Sustainability, 12(15), 5981.
- Pattiruhu, J., & Paais, M. (2020). Effect of Liquidity, Profitability, Leverage, and Firm Size on Dividend Policy. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, 7(10), 35-42.
- Paul, A., Nath, T., & Mahanta, J., Sultana, N. N., Kayes, A. S. M. I., Noon, S. J., Jabed, A., Podder, S., & Paul, S. (2021). Psychological and livelihood impacts of COVID-19 on Bangladeshi lower income people. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 33(1), 100-108.
- Qian, Y., & Fan, W. (2020). Who loses income during the Covid-19 outbreak? Evidence from China. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 68, 100522.
- Shen, H., Fu, M., Pan, H., Yu, Z., & Chen, Y. (2020). The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on firm performance. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 56(10), 2213-2230.
- Stephany, F., Dunn, M., Sawyer, S., & Lehdonvirta, V. (2020). Distancing Bonus or Downscaling Loss? The Changing Livelihood of Us Online Workers in Times of COVID-19. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 111(3), 561-573.
- Suratman, A., Suhartini, S., Palupi, M., Dihan, F., & Muhlison, M. (2021). The Impact of Psychological Climate and Self-Resilience on Employee Performance During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Empirical Study in Indonesia. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(5), 1019-1029.
- Tan, S., & Tran, T. (2020). Impact of Covid-19 on firms in Vietnam: Results from the First Round of COVID-19 Business Pulse Survey (Report No. 1). World Bank.
- Tran, B. X., Nguyen, H. T., Pham, H. Q., Le, H. T., Vu, G. T., Latkin, C. A., Ho, C. S. H., & Ho, R. C. M. (2020). Capacity of local authority and community on epidemic response in Vietnam: Implication for COVID-19 preparedness. Safety Science, 130, 104867.
- Tu, V., Can, N., Trang, N., & An, L. (2012). Tinh ton thuong sinh ke cua nong ho bi anh huong lu tai tinh an Giang va cac giai phap ung pho [Vulnerability of farmers affected by floods in a Giang province and response solutions]. Vietnam Journals OnLine, 22(b), 294-303. (In Vietnamese).
- Tu, V., Yabe, M., Trang, N., & Khai, H. (2015). Adaptive capacity assessment of rural out migrants: A case study of a Giang province, Vietnam. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture Kuyshu University, 60(1), 265-271.
- Tuyen, T. Q. (2013). Livelihood strategies for coping land loss among households in Vietnam’s sub-urban areas. Asian Social Science, 9(15), 33-46.
- Tuyen, T. Q., & Huong, V. V. (2014). The impact of land loss on household income: The case of Hanoi’s sub-urban areas, Vietnam. International Journal of Business and Society, 15(2), 339-358.
- White, R., & Van Der Boor, C. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and initial period of lockdown on the mental health and well-being of adults in the UK. BJPsych Open, 6(5), e90.