Validating brand identification and personality scale within the South African retail-banking context
-
DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.16(4).2021.01
-
Article InfoVolume 16 2021 , Issue #4, pp. 1-10
- Cited by
- 522 Views
-
169 Downloads
This work is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
While marketing experts agree that brand personality is important for brand identification, there is no evidence of a validated brand-identification-and-personality scale in the context of retail banking in South Africa. To address this literature gap, this study’s purpose was to explain the process used to validate brand identification and personality within the retail-banking context of South Africa. A convenience sample of Generation Y banking consumers was selected, and a descriptive and single cross-sectional research design was followed. Self-administered questionnaires were used as a data collection tool and a sample size was chosen (N = 235). Data analysis entailed descriptive and confirmatory factor analysis. The confirmatory factor analysis results validated brand identification and brand personality in retail banking as a five-factor structure that includes bank identification and brand personality dimensions such as successfulness, sophistication, sincerity and ruggedness. Furthermore, the results of the study indicate the internal consistency and composite reliability of the measurement model, as well as construct, convergent, discriminant and nomological validity. In addition, the measurement model revealed no signs of multicollinearity between the factors, and the model fit index values of IFI, TLI, CFI, SRMR and RMSEA showed a good fitting model. This study concluded that this five-factor model is a reliable and valid instrument of brand identification and personality in retail banking and is the first validated brand-identification-and-personality scale within the retail-banking context of South Africa.
- Keywords
-
JEL Classification (Paper profile tab)G20, C20, G21
-
References53
-
Tables3
-
Figures0
-
- Table 1. Demographic data
- Table 2. SPSS output
- Table 3. Confirmatory factor analysis
-
- Aaker, D., & Biel, A. (2009). Brand Equity & Advertising: Advertising’s Role in Building Strong Brands. New York: Psychology Press: Taylor & Francis.
- Aaker, J. L. (1997). Dimensions of brand personality. Journal of Marketing Research, 34(3), 347-356.
- Aiken, D., & Sukhdial, A. (2004). Exploring the old school concept: Adding definition to a “new” market segmentation dimension. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 13(2), 73-81.
- Alexander, N. (2008). Brand authentication: Creating and maintaining brand auras. European Journal of Marketing, 43(3/4), 551-562.
- Ariff, M. S. B. M., Lim, O. T., & Ismail, K. (2012). Determination of brand personality dimensions for a laptop computer using Aaker’s brand personality scale. Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, 1(1), 114-125.
- Arnaboldi, F., & Claeys, P. (2008). Internet banking in Europe: a comparative analysis (Working Papers No. 2008/11). Research Institute of Applied Economics.
- Balaji, M. S., Roy, S. K., & Sadeque, S. (2016). Antecedents and consequences of university brand identification. Journal of Business Research, 69(8), 3023-3032.
- Bang, H., Lee, S., & Swart, K. (2014). Predicting volunteers’ intention to return: an examination of brand personality, prestige, and identification of sporting events. Event Management, 18(2), 169-183.
- Bevan-Dye, A. L., & Akpojivi, U. (2016). South African Generation Y students’ self-disclosure on Facebook. South African Journal of Psychology, 46(1), 114-129.
- Braunstein, J. R., & Ross, S. D. (2010). Brand personality in sport: dimension analysis and general scale development. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 19(1), 8-16.
- Bruwer, J., & Buller, C. (2005). Country-of-origin brand preferences and associated knowledge levels of Japanese wine consumers. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 25(1), 307-316.
- BusinessTech. (2019). Battle of the banks: South Africa’s big 5 banks compared.
- Carlson, B. D., Donavan, D. T., & Cumiskey, K. J. (2009). Consumer-brand relationships in sport: brand personality and identification. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 37(4), 370-384.
- Eren-Erdogmus, I., Cobanoglu, E., & Budeyri-Turan, I. (2015). Exploring dimensions of brand personality for Generation Y in the apparel market: the case of Turkey. Journal of Global Fashion Marketing, 6(2), 150-161.
- Ernst & Young. (2009). Mobile money: an overview for global telecommunications operators.
- Ernst & Young. (2017). Global banking outlook 2017: uncertainty is no excuse for inaction.
- Gammoh, B. S., Mallin, M. L., & Pullins, E. B. (2014). The impact of salesperson-brand personality congruence on salesperson brand identification, motivation and performance outcomes. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 23(7), 543-553.
- Graywood, M. (2018). How brand loyalty differs among the generations.
- Gronroos, C. (1989). Defining marketing: A market-oriented approach. European Journal of Marketing, 23(1), 52-60.
- Guttmann, B. (2019). Explaining the five dimensions of brand personality.
- Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective (7th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
- He, H., & Li, Y. (2011). CSR and service brand: The mediating effect of brand identification and moderating effect of service quality. Journal of Business Ethics, 100(4), 673-688.
- Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135.
- Hopkins, J. (2017). Branding in Banking: 5 Reasons Strong Brands Win.
- Hu, J. (2020). How Consumer Citizenship Behavior and Intrinsic Motivation Influences Consumer Brand Identification (Master’s Thesis). Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Karajaluoto, H., Munnukka, J., & Salmi, M. (2016). How do brand personality, identification, and relationship length drive loyalty in sports? Journal of Service Theory and Practice, 26(1), 50-71.
- Kuenzel, S., & Halliday, S.V. (2010). The chain of effects from reputation and brand personality congruence to brand loyalty: the role of brand identification. Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, 18(3/4), 167-176.
- Lazarevic, V. (2012). Encouraging brand loyalty in fickle Generation Y consumers. Young Consumers: Insight and Ideas for Responsible Marketers, 13(1), 45-61.
- Malhotra, N. K. (2010). Marketing research: An applied orientation. (6th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice-Hall.
- Markert, J. (2004). Demographics of age: generational and cohort confusion. Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 26(2), 11-25.
- Martins, C., Oliveira, T., & Popovič, A. (2014). Understanding the Internet banking adoption: a unified theory of acceptance and use of technology and perceived risk application. International Journal of Information Management, 34(1), 1-13.
- Miller, L., & Lu, W. (2018). Gen Z Is Set to Outnumber Millennials Within a Year.
- Motion, J., Leitch, S., & Brodie, R. (2003). Equity in corporate co-branding: The case of adidas and the All Blacks. European Journal of Marketing, 37(7/8), 1080-1094.
- Moura, F.T. (2021). Brand Personality: Understanding Aaker’s Dimension Model.
- Mullan, E. (2020). 5 Companies Who Nailed Their Brand Personality.
- Osipow, A., & Sheehan, K. (2014). How Gens X and Y relate to the brands in their lives.
- Pallant, J. (2010). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS. England: Open University Press.
- Pallant, J. (2013). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using the IBM SPSS (5th ed.). Berkshire: McGraw-Hill.
- Polyorat, K. (2011). The influence of brand personality dimensions on brand identification and word-of-mouth: the case study of a university brand in Thailand. Asian Journal of Business Research, 1(1), 54-69.
- Punjaisri, K., & Wilson, A. (2011). Internal branding process: key mechanisms, outcomes and moderating factors. European Journal of Marketing, 45(9/10), 1521-1537.
- Rahman, S., & Azhar, S. (2011). Xpressions of generation Y: perceptions of the mobile phone service industry in Pakistan. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 23(1), 91-107.
- Sokhela, P. N. (2015). Brand personality perceptions of luxury sedan motor vehicles amongst the South African Generation Y cohort (Master’s Thesis). North-West University.
- Statistics South Africa. (2020). Mid-year population estimates 2020 (Statistical Release No. P0302).
- Stokburger-Sauer, N., Ratneshwar, S., & Sen, S. (2012). Drivers of consumer-brand identification. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 29(4), 406-418.
- Swanson, S. R., Gwinner, K., Larson, B. V., & Janda, S. (2003). Motivations of college student game attendance and word-of-mouth behavior: the impact of gender differences. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 12(3), 151-162.
- Thomas, B. J., & Sekar, P. C. (2008). Measurement and validity of Jennifer Aaker’s brand personality scale for Colgate brand. Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers, 33(3), 49-62.
- Timberlake, C. (n.d.). Coach lacking brand personality seen as hindering growth.
- Tsai, S. (2011). Strategic relationship management and service brand marketing. European Journal of Marketing, 45(7/8), 1194-1213.
- Tuškej, U., Golob, U., & Podnar, K. (2013). The role of consumer-brand identification in building brand relationships. Journal of Business Research, 66(1), 53-59.
- Vahdati, H., & Mousavi Nejad, S. H. (2016). Brand personality toward customer purchase intention: the intermediate role of electronic word-of-mouth and brand equity. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 21(2), 1-26.
- Van Deventer, M. (2018). Modelling the factors that explain attitudes towards personal financial planning. International journal of Business and Management Studies, 10(2), 183-193.
- Wilson, J. A. J., & Grant, J. (2013). Islamic banking: A challenger to the classical marketing canon? Journal of Islamic Marketing, 4(1), 7-21.
- Zikmund, W. G., & Babin, B. (2013). Essentials of marketing research. (5th ed.). Beijing: South-Western Cengage Learning.