Nadine Al-Khatib

Turnover is a common occurrence where employees choose to leave an organization. Despite previous research on turnover intentions and job satisfaction, the impact of work experience and perceived alternative job opportunities, especially during economic crises, has not been adequately studied. This study aims to explore the relationship between turnover intentions and job satisfaction, considering factors of work experience and perceptions of other job opportunities. This study was conducted in Lebanon, and 156 educators were surveyed via electronic questionnaires. The data analysis included descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and hierarchical regression modeling. The findings reveal a significant negative correlation between turnover intention and job satisfaction (r = –0.315*, p < 0.05). Perceived alternative job opportunities do not show a significant correlation with job satisfaction (ß = –0.028, p > 0.05), thus having no moderating role. However, work experience significantly moderates the relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intentions (ß = –0.052*, p < 0.05). Despite the negative impact on job satisfaction, Lebanon’s economic crisis affects teachers’ decision to stay due to limited job opportunities.

Acknowledgment
The authors sincerely appreciate all the teachers who devoted their time to participate in the survey.

The implementation of environmental management systems is increasingly recognized as essential for advancing sustainability in healthcare, particularly in resource-constrained contexts such as Iraq. This study evaluates the compliance of Iraqi public and private hospitals with ISO 14001:2015 standards, revealing significant discrepancies between the two sectors. Utilizing a quantitative descriptive approach, data were collected through field surveys, structured interviews, and document analysis to assess environmental management systems practices. Private hospitals demonstrated a compliance rate of 75%, while public hospitals achieved a compliance rate of only 50%. Key deficiencies in public hospitals were identified in operation (78% gap) and improvement (73% gap), indicating systemic weaknesses. Although private hospitals performed better, they still exhibited notable gaps, particularly in leadership and performance evaluation, both at 29%. Challenges common to both sectors included insufficient resource allocation, limited environmental awareness, and inadequate leadership involvement. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions to address barriers to adoption of environmental management systems. Strategies such as fostering stronger leadership commitment, optimizing resource allocation, incorporating advanced environmental technologies, and implementing ongoing staff training are recommended to bridge the compliance gap. This study provides critical insights into enhancing environmental performance and promoting sustainable healthcare practices in Iraq. Furthermore, it serves as a reference for addressing similar challenges in developing countries, emphasizing the importance of aligning healthcare operations with international environmental management standards.

Acknowledgment
The authors wish to convey their sincere appreciation to the two selected hospitals for their cooperation and willingness to participate in this study. The provision of necessary documentation and the allocation of time by these institutions have been invaluable in facilitating the completion of the research.