Harvey James

Awareness of healthy food, population growth, increasing incomes, and urbanization raise the global demand for fruit, where the second position goes to apples. However, their supply is insufficient, implying the lost revenues and exacerbating nutritional food insecurity. To help growers, traders, and consumers cope with such a challenge, this research focused on revealing some world patterns in apple production and trade detailed by groups of countries, their capacities, and prices. The explored data on fresh and processed apples derived from the Food and Agriculture Organization Statistics. The methodological framework of the study engaged divisive hierarchical clustering, analysis of interval variation series, and inequality indicators. The research findings identified two major clusters of 50 out of 96 countries specialized in production and foreign sales of 83.2% and 76.9% of apples. The study outcome comparing fair trade via two triple histograms specified the prevailing deviations between –82% and 80% around farm gate apple prices in 47 exporting countries and the same between –83% and 83% in 46 importing countries. Based on the Gini coefficient, Ratio 20/20, and Hoover index, the accomplished evaluations quantified total disparity in apple trading by 13% to 40%, calculated misbalance between 20% of the top and bottom world traders, and grounded preferable market alignments ranged from 9% to 38%.

Agricultural trade is complicated owing to perishable goods and high requirements for safety and quality, especially by animal products. Intensifying their exports is a major priority in the context of augmenting competitive negotiations and providing global food security to cover a shortage of an animal protein intake. To address such challenges, this study aimed at improving marketing performance necessary for developing the world exports of animal products. The methodological research framework was the Marketing Mix model, which included Product, Price, Place, and Promotion, and was amplified by Innovation. The model components were presented by the average export prices and indicators for Infrastructure, ICT adoption, and Innovation capability evaluated for each exporting country. For testing hypotheses about homo- and heterogeneity of top exporters, this research utilized the single factor Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) technique. The offered approach was applied to the most valuable export segments of poultry, livestock, and dairy world markets. They engaged from 75 to 140 countries and had total export values between USD 3.2 billion and USD 33.2 billion. The study outcomes captured similarities and differences of Price, Place, Promotion, and Innovation components among the First 10, Second 10, and Third 10 ranked exporters. Given the found indicators of the top world exporters, the study clarifies prospects and attainable goals on developing exports of animal products at a country level.