RiskMetrics method for estimating Value at Risk to compare the riskiness of BitCoin and Rand
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Author(s)Delson ChikobvuLink to ORCID Index: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3979-658X
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Thabani NdlovuLink to ORCID Index: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4386-8147
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DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.20(1).2023.18
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Article InfoVolume 20 2023, Issue #1, pp. 207-217
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
In this study, the RiskMetrics method is used to estimate Value at Risk for two exchange rates: BitCoin/dollar and the South African Rand/dollar. Value at Risk is used to compare the riskiness of the two currencies. This is to help South Africans and investors understand the risk they are taking by converting their savings/investments to BitCoin instead of the South African currency, the Rand. The Maximum Likelihood Estimation method is used to estimate the parameters of the models. Seven statistical error distributions, namely Normal Distribution, skewed Normal Distribution, Student’s T-Distribution, skewed Student’s T-Distribution, Generalized Error Distribution, skewed Generalized Error Distribution, and the Generalized Hyperbolic Distributions, were considered when modelling and estimating model parameters. Value at Risk estimates suggest that the BitCoin/dollar return averaging 0.035 and 0.055 per dollar invested at 95% and 99%, respectively, is riskier than the Rand/dollar return averaging 0.012 and 0.019 per dollar invested at 95% and 99%, respectively. Using the Kupiec test, RiskMetrics with Generalized Error Distribution (p > 0.07) and skewed Generalized Error Distribution (p > 0.62) gave the best fitting model in the estimation of Value at Risk for BitCoin/dollar and Rand/dollar, respectively. The RiskMetrics approach seems to perform better at higher than lower confidence levels, as evidenced by higher p-values from backtesting using the Kupiec test at 99% than at 95% levels of significance. These findings are also helpful for risk managers in estimating adequate risk-based capital requirements for the two currencies.
- Keywords
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JEL Classification (Paper profile tab)C13, C22, C52, C58
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References44
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Tables6
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Figures2
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- Figure 1. Plot of BTC/USD prices (left) and one-day log returns (right)
- Figure 2. Plot of ZAR/USD prices (left) and one-day log returns (right)
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- Table 1. Error distribution functions
- Table 2. Descriptive statistics of exchange rate price returns
- Table 3. Optimal RiskMetrics estimate parameters for BTC/USD
- Table 4. Optimal RiskMetrics parameter estimates for ZAR/USD
- Table 5. VaR estimates
- Table 6. Kupiec’s test p-values
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Testing for explosive bubbles in the South African-US exchange rate using the sequential ADF procedures
Banks and Bank Systems Volume 12, 2017 Issue #1 (cont.) pp. 105-112 Views: 1166 Downloads: 501 TO CITE АНОТАЦІЯThis paper tests for the existence of speculative bubbles in the South African-US exchange rate using the sequential ADF procedures. In particular, the paper uses the SADF and GSADF right-tailed unit root tests to explore the existence of explosive bubbles in the South African-US exchange rate for the time period running from January1980 through July 2012. The results provide evidence in support of the existence of explosive bubbles in the nominal rand-dollar exchange rate, the real exchange rate of traded and non-traded goods. The explosive behavior exhibited by the South African rand-US dollar exchange rate can be interpreted as evidence of rational bubbles given that this behavior is driven by the fundamentals including relative prices of traded and non-traded goods.
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Rajesh Mamilla ,
Mehul Mehta ,
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doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.16(2).2019.27
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doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.18(3).2021.33
Investment Management and Financial Innovations Volume 18, 2021 Issue #3 pp. 397-407 Views: 420 Downloads: 192 TO CITE АНОТАЦІЯIn the Nigerian context, there is a gap in the literature on the structural attributes of firms and the extent to which corporate investments are irreversible. Thus, this study was to empirically examine the structural attributes of firms, irreversibility, and uncertainty of corporate investment using the real options theory of investment. The study is based on annual data series of firms listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange from 2005 to 2019. The study measured structural attributes using competitiveness and monopoly/oligopoly of a firm, macroeconomic uncertainty, inflation, interest, and exchange rates, and examines their association with corporate investments. The study was conducted using a panel dataset adopting a fixed-effect estimation technique that takes into account potential endogeneity and firm specific-effects. The result showed that the macroeconomic uncertainty measure of exchange rate volatility is strongly detrimental to corporate investment decisions. Furthermore, interest rate and inflation volatilities are not detrimental to investment growth, while exchange rate uncertainty has a substantial negative influence on corporate investment. Besides, macroeconomic uncertainty was found to be a greater disincentive for firms with irreversible investments than for firms with more easily reversible investment projects.
