Measuring the antecedents of turnover intentions: Perspectives of private healthcare employees in a less-developed economy
-
DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(4).2021.19
-
Article InfoVolume 19 2021, Issue #4, pp. 232-247
- Cited by
- 940 Views
-
645 Downloads
This work is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
This study sets out to investigate the antecedents of turnover intentions, using the private healthcare employees in an emerging economy (Ghana) as a benchmark. Even though myriad studies have been conducted on the aforementioned topic, yet, there are scant investigations on how employees of private healthcare institutions relate towards turnover intentions, specifically in a developing economy context. Therefore, this study draws on extant literature and subsequently proposes a hypothetical argument on the effect of training satisfaction, benefits and incentives on employee turnover intentions as well as resistance to change while establishing the nexus between turnover intentions and resistance to change. Both paper and web-based (online) questionnaires were gauged from employees of private healthcare organizations in Ghana. Data were analyzed by partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) on a sample of 544 employees of private healthcare institutions. The findings indicate that training satisfaction, benefits and incentives have a positive impact on an employee’s turnover intentions. Moreover, employee’s resistance to change is influenced by both training satisfaction and benefits and incentives. Further, the investigation established that employee’s resistance to change influences employee turnover intentions. The thoughtful mechanisms of how the running of private healthcare institutions in Ghana can be enhanced are expanded by the empirical results obtained through how employees can be satisfied by training and the application of rewards to reduce turnover. Moreover, administrators of private healthcare organizations are forewarned of the implications of employees’ resistance to change and its effect on employee turnover intentions.
Acknowledgment
This study was supported by Tomas Bata University in Zlín, through IGA/FaME/2020/003 “Training and development programs and the consequence on employee’s commitment, satisfaction and organizational performance: analysis from Czech public service sector”.
- Keywords
-
JEL Classification (Paper profile tab)M12, N37, J63
-
References82
-
Tables6
-
Figures2
-
- Figure 1. Conceptual framework
- Figure A1. Estimated model from smart-PLS version 3.3.3
-
- Table 1. Demography and characteristics of the respondents
- Table 2. Construct indicators and literature sources
- Table 3. Construct reliability and validity
- Table 4. Factor loadings and multicollinearity (VIF)
- Table 5. Test of discriminant validity Fornell-Lacker criterion
- Table 6. Hypothetical path coefficient
-
- Abugre, J. B. (2017). Relations at workplace, cynicism and intention to leave: A proposed conceptual framework for organisations. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 25(2), 198-216.
- Acheampong, N. A. (2019). Recruiting and Retaining Generation Z into Public Sector Organizations: A Systematic Review. University of Maryland University College.
- Ahmad, A., Kura, K. M., Bibi, P., Khalid, N., & Jaaffar, A. R. (2019). Effect of compensation, training and development and manager support on employee commitment: the moderating effect of co-worker support. Journal on Innovation and Sustainability RISUS, 10(2), 39-55.
- Akan, B., Ülker, F. E., & Ünsar, A. S. (2016). The effect of organizational communication towards resistance to change: A case study in banking sector. Economic Review: Journal of Economics and Business, 14(1), 53-67.
- Al Mamun, C. A., & Hasan, M. N. (2017). Factors affecting employee turnover and sound retention strategies in business organization: A conceptual view. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 15(1), 63-71.
- Amarasiri, H.A.B.D., & Dorabawila, S.S.K.B.M. (2018). Does Electronic Medical Records make cost benefits to non-profit seeking health care institutes? International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 8(5).
- Anderson, H. J., Baur, J. E., Griffith, J. A., & Buckley, M. R. (2017). What works for you may not work for (Gen) Me: Limitations of present leadership theories for the new generation. The Leadership Quarterly, 28(1), 245-260.
- Armstrong, M., & Taylor, S. (2020). Armstrong’s handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers.
- Ashrafi, A., Zareravasan, A., Rabiee Savoji, S., & Amani, M. (2020). Exploring factors influencing students’ continuance intention to use the learning management system (LMS): A multi-perspective framework. Interactive Learning Environments.
- Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94.
- Bateh, J., Castaneda, M. E., & Farah, J. E. (2013). Employee resistance to organizational change. International Journal of Management & Information Systems (IJMIS), 17(2), 113-116.
- Bethlehem, J. (1999). Cross-sectional research. In H. J. Adèr & G. J. Mellenbergh (Eds.), Research Methodology in the Social, Behavioural and Life Sciences (pp. 110-142). SAGE Publications, Ltd.
- Bhattacharyya, O., Khor, S., McGahan, A., Dunne, D., Daar, A. S., & Singer, P. A. (2010). Innovative Health Service Delivery Models in Low-and Middle-Income Countries – What Can We Learn from the Private Sector? Health Research Policy and Systems, 8, 24.
- Bowen, H. (2018). Investment in learning: The individual and social value of American higher education. Routledge.
- Brunsson, N., & Olsen, J. P. (2018). The Reforming organization: making sense of administrative change. Routledge.
- Burke, W. W. (2017). Organization change: Theory and practice. Sage publications.
- Busari, A. H., Khan, S. N., Abdullah, S. M., & Mughal, Y. H. (2020). Transformational leadership style, followership, and factors of employees’ reactions towards organizational change. Journal of Asia Business Studies, 14(2), 181-209.
- Carver-Thomas, D., & Darling-Hammond, L. (2017, August 16). Teacher Turnover: Why It Matters and What We Can Do about It. Learning Policy Institute.
- Cassar, L., & Meier, S. (2018). Nonmonetary Incentives and the Implications of Work as a Source of Meaning. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 32(3), 215-238.
- Chew, J., & Chan, C. C. A. (2008). Human resource practices, organizational commitment and intention to stay. International Journal of Manpower, 29(6), 503-522.
- Chin, W., Cheah, J.-H., Liu, Y., Ting, H., Lim, X.-J., & Cham, T. H. (2020). Demystifying the role of causal-predictive modeling using partial least squares structural equation modeling in information systems research. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 120(12), 2161-2209.
- Choi, D. Y., & Gray, E. R. (2008). The venture development processes of “sustainable” entrepreneurs. Management Research News, 31(8), 558-569.
- Davis, D., & Binder, A. (2019). Industry, firm, job title: The layered nature of early-career advantage for graduates of elite private universities. Socius.
- DeFeo, D. J., Tran, T., Hirshberg, D., Cope, D., & Cravez, P. (2017). The cost of teacher turnover in Alaska.
- Demo, G., Neiva, E. R., Nunes, I., & Rozzett, K. (2012). Human resources management policies and practices scale (HRMPPS): Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. BAR-Brazilian Administration Review, 9(4), 395-420.
- Dhanpat, N., Madou, F. D., Lugisani, P., Mabojane, R., & Phiri, M. (2018). Exploring employee retention and intention to leave within a call centre. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 16, 13.
- Elnaga, A., & Imran, A. (2013). The effect of training on employee performance. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(4), 137-147.
- Etikan, I., & Bala, K. (2017). Sampling and sampling methods. Biometrics & Biostatistics International Journal, 5(6), 215-217.
- Grabner-Kräuter, S., Breitenecker, R. J., & Tafolli, F. (2021). Exploring the relationship between employees’ CSR perceptions and intention to emigrate: Evidence from a developing country. Business Ethics, the Environment and Responsibility, 30(S1), 87-102.
- Grama, B., & Todericiu, R. (2017). Change, Resistance to Change and Organizational Cynicism. Studies in Business & Economics, 11(3), 47-54.
- Hair Jr, J. F., Howard, M. C., & Nitzl, C. (2020). Assessing measurement model quality in PLS-SEM using confirmatory composite analysis. Journal of Business Research, 109, 101-110.
- Hair Jr, J. F., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). Rethinking some of the rethinking of partial least squares. European Journal of Marketing, 53(4), 566-584.
- Hair Jr, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): An emerging tool in business research. European Business Review, 26(2), 106-121.
- Hair Jr, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Pieper, T. M., & Ringle, C. M. (2012). The use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in strategic management research: a review of past practices and recommendations for future applications. Long Range Planning, 45(5-6), 320-340.
- Hair Jr, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Gudergan, S. P. (2017). Advanced issues in partial least squares structural equation modeling. Sage publications.
- Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135.
- Hilkenmeier, F., Bohndick, C., Bohndick, T., & Hilkenmeier, J. (2020). Assessing distinctiveness in multidimensional instruments without access to raw data – A manifest Fornell-Larcker criterion. Frontiers in Psychology, 11.
- Horstmann, F. (2017). Measuring the shopper’s attitude toward the point of sale display: Scale development and validation. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 36, 112-123.
- Huang, W.-R. (2019). Job Training Satisfaction, Job Satisfaction, and Job Performance. In Career Development and Job Satisfaction. IntechOpen.
- Huang, W.-R., & Su, C.-H. (2016). The mediating role of job satisfaction in the relationship between job training satisfaction and turnover intentions. Industrial and Commercial Training, 48(1), 42-52.
- Idei, R., & Kato, H. (2020). Medical-purposed travel behaviors in ru-al areas in developing countries: a case study in rural Cambodia. Transportation, 47(3), 1415-1438.
- Jaworski, C., Ravichandran, S., Karpinski, A. C., & Singh, S. (2018). The effects of training satisfaction, employee benefits, and incentives on part-time employees’ commitment. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 74, 1-12.
- Khan, G. F., Sarstedt, M., Shiau, W.-L., Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Fritze, M. P. (2019). Methodological research on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Internet Research, 29(3), 407-429.
- Khan, M. I., Saleh, M. A., & Quazi, A. (2021). Social Media Adoption by Health Professionals: A TAM-Based Study. Informatics, 8(1), 6.
- Kim, P. H., Aldrich, H. E., & Keister, L. A. (2007). Access (not) denied: The impact of financial, human, and cultural capital on entrepreneurial entryin the United States. Small Business Economics, 27(1), 5-22.
- Kingma, M. (2017). Nurses on the move: Migration and the global health care economy. Health Services Research, 42(3p2), 1281-1298.
- Kuvaas, B., Buch, R., Gagne, M., Dysvik, A., & Forest, J. (2016). Do you get what you pay for? Sales incentives and implications for motivation and changes in turnover intention and work effort. Motivation and Emotion, 40(5), 667-680.
- Lacy, P., Arnott, J., & Lowitt, E. (2009). The challenge of integrating sustainability into talent and organization strategies: investing in the knowledge, skills and attitudes to achieve high performance. Corporate Governance, 9(4), 484-494.
- Landry, A. T., Gagné, M., Forest, J., Guerrero, S., Séguin, M., & Papachristopoulos, K. (2017). The relation between financial incentives, motivation, and performance. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 16(2), 61-76.
- Lebo, M. J., & Weber, C. (2015). An effective approach to the repeated cross-sectional design. American Journal of Political Science, 59(1), 242-258.
- McKerrow, I., Carney, P. A., Caretta-Weyer, H., Furnari, M., & Juve, A. M. (2020). Trends in medical students’ stress, physical, and emotional health throughout training. Medical Education Online, 25(1), 1709278.
- Metwally, D., Ruiz-Palomino, P., Metwally, M., & Gartzia, L. (2019). How ethical leadership shapes employees’ readiness to change: The mediating role of an organizational culture of effectiveness. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2493.
- Mikic, M., Puutio, A., & Gallagher, J. (2020). Healthcare products trade and external shocks: The US-China trade war and COVID-19 pandemic. Bangkok, Thailand : ARTNeT, United Nations ESCAP, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific.
- Netzer, D. (2020). Non-profit organizations. In Handbook of Cultural Economics (pp. 379-391). Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Nie, D., Lämsä, A., & Pučėtaitė, R. (2018). Effects of responsible human resource management practices on female employees’ turnover intentions. Business Ethics: A European Review, 27(1), 29-41.
- Nielsen, M. B., Skogstad, A., Gjerstad, J., & Einarsen, S. V. (2019). Are transformational and laissez-faire leadership related to state anxiety among subordinates? A two-wave prospective study of forward and reverse associations. Work & Stress, 33(2), 137-155.
- Ormel, H., Kok, M., Kane, S., Ahmed, R., Chikaphupha, K., Rashid, S. F., Gemechu, D., Otiso, L., Sidat, M., & Theobald, S. (2019). Salaried and voluntary community health workers: exploring how incentives and expectation gaps influence motivation. Human Resources for Health, 17(1), 59.
- Peltokorpi, V., Allen, D. G., & Froese, F. (2015). Organizational embeddedness, turnover intentions, and voluntary turnover: The moderating effects of employee demographic characteristics and value orientations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(2), 292-312.
- Pulic, A. (2004). Intellectual capital – does it create or destroy value? Measuring Business Excellence, 8(1), 62-68.
- Rafferty, A. E., & Jimmieson, N. L. (2017). Subjective perceptions of organizational change and employee resistance to change: Direct and mediated relationships with employee well-being. British Journal of Management, 28(2), 248-264.
- Rahman, R., & Al-Borie, H. M. (2020). Strengthening the Saudi Arabian healthcare system: role of vision 2030. International Journal of Healthcare Management.
- Raza, M. A., Khan, M. M., & Mujtaba, B. G. (2018). The impact of organizational change on employee turnover intention: does stress play a mediating role? Public Organization Review, 18(3), 313-327.
- Reddy, V. S. (2020). Impact of Compensation on Employee Performance. IOSR Journal of Humanities And Social Science (IOSRJHSS), 25(9), 17-22.
- Sabharwal, M., Levine, H., D’Agostino, M., & Nguyen, T. (2019). Inclusive work practices: Turnover intentions among LGBT employees of the US federal government. The American Review of Public Administration, 49(4), 482-494.
- Salas, E., Tannenbaum, S. I., Kraiger, K., & Smith-Jentsch, K. A. (2012). The science of training and development in organizations: What matters in practice. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13(2), 74-101.
- Shiau, W.-L., Sarstedt, M., & Hair, J. F. (2019). Internet research using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Internet Research, 29(3), 398-406.
- Shmueli, G., Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Cheah, J.-H., Ting, H., Vaithilingam, S., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). Predictive model assessment in PLS-SEM: guidelines for using PLSpredict. European Journal of Marketing, 53(11), 2322-2347.
- Spector, P. E. (2019). Do not cross me: Optimizing the use of cross-sectional designs. Journal of Business and Psychology, 34(2), 125-137.
- Spooner, S., Laverty, L., & Checkland, K. (2019). The influence of training experiences on career intentions of the future GP workforce: a qualitative study of new GPs in England. British Journal of General Practice, 69(685), e578-e585.
- Srivastava, S., & Agrawal, S. (2020). Resistance to change and turnover intention: a moderated mediation model of burnout and perceived organizational support. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 33(7), 1431-1447.
- Tavassoli, N., Piau, A., Berbon, C., De Kerimel, J., Lafont, C., De Souto Barreto, P., Guyonnet, S., Takeda, C., Carrie, I., Angioni, D., Paris, F., Mathieu, C., Ousset, P. J., Balardy, L., Voisin, T., Sourdet, S., Delrieu, J., Bezombes, V., Pons-Pretre, V., ...Vellas, B. (2021). Framework implementation of the INSPIRE ICOPE-CARE program in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO) in the Occitania Region. The Journal of Frailty & Aging, 10, 103-109.
- Timmons, S., Evans, C., & Nair, S. (2016). The development of the nursing profession in a globalised context: A qualitative case study in Kerala, India. Social Science & Medicine, 166, 41-48.
- Usakli, A., & Kucukergin, K. G. (2018). Using partial least squares structural equation modeling in hospitality and tourism. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 30(11), 3462-3512.
- Van den Brand, F. A., Dohmen, L. M. E., Van Schayck, O. C. P., & Nagelhout, G. E. (2018). ‘Secretly, it’s a competition’: a qualitative study investigating what helped employees quit smoking during a workplace smoking cessation group training programme with incentives. BMJ Open, 8(11), e023917.
- Visconti, R. M., Doś, A., & Gurgun, A. P. (2017). Public-private partnerships for sustainable healthcare in emerging economies. In J. Leitão, E. de Morais Sarmento, & J. Aleluia (Eds.), The Emerald Handbook of Public – Private Partnerships in Developing and Emerging Economies (pp. 407-437). Emerald Publishing Limited.
- Wang, C., Xu, J., Zhang, T. C., & Li, Q. M. (2020). Effects of professional identity on turnover intention in China’s hotel employees: The mediating role of employee engagement and job satisfaction. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 45, 10-22.
- Warner, K. S. R., & Wäger, M. (2019). Building dynamic capabilities for digital transformation: An ongoing process of strategic renewal. Long Range Planning, 52(3), 326-349.
- Watanabe, T., Endo, T., Yamamoto, A., Kodama, Y., Ohoka, Y., & Ushio, T. (2014). Cross section adjustment method based on random sampling technique. Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 51(5), 590-599.
- Wongwatkit, C., Panjaburee, P., Srisawasdi, N., & Seprum, P. (2020). Moderating effects of gender differences on the relationships between perceived learning support, intention to use, and learning performance in a personalized e-learning. Journal of Computers in Education, 7, 229-255.
- Yang, C., Chen, Y., Roy, X. Z., & Mattila, A. S. (2020). Unfolding deconstructive effects of negative shocks on psychological contract violation, organizational cynicism, and turnover intention. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 89, 102591.
- Zahan, K. (2017). Problems and challenges of Human Resource Management: A study of private sector of Bangladesh. University of Dhaka.
- Zarychta, A., Grillos, T., & Andersson, K. P. (2020). Public Sector Governance Reform and the Motivation of Street-Level Bureaucrats in Developing Countries. Public Administration Review, 80(1), 75-91.