The moderating effect of competitive intensity and environmental complexity on the relationship between risk taking and performance of rural banks
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Received October 23, 2025;Accepted April 22, 2026;Published July 17, 2026
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Author(s)NgatnoLink to ORCID Index: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4577-2018
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Gilda MaulinaLink to ORCID Index: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4549-9234
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DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.21(3).2026.03
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Article InfoVolume 21 2026, Issue #3, pp. 30–41
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Type of the article: Research Article
Abstract
This study investigates whether competitive intensity and environmental complexity moderate the relationship between risk-taking and performance among rural banks in Central Java, Indonesia. The study was conducted in Central Java, Indonesia, during January-December 2024, using secondary data from the audited financial statements of 239 rural banks for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024. Moderated regression models were estimated to examine the effects of credit risk (non-performing loan ratio), market risk (net interest margin), liquidity risk (loan-to-deposit ratio), and operational risk (operating expenses to operating income) on rural banks' performance (return on assets), and to test interaction effects with competitive intensity (Lerner index) and environmental complexity. The results indicate that net interest margin is positively associated with return on assets, whereas the operating expenses to operating income ratio is negatively associated; the non-performing loan ratio and loan-to-deposit ratio are not statistically significant. Lerner index and environmental complexity show no direct association with return on assets. However, the Lerner index strengthens the positive association between net interest margin and return on assets and exacerbates the negative association between operating expenses and operating income and return on assets. Environmental complexity weakens the positive association between net interest margin and return on assets. These findings suggest that market conditions and environmental complexity shape how risk indicators translate into rural bank performance in 2024, underscoring the importance of operational efficiency and adaptive risk management in competitive and complex environments.
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JEL Classification (Paper profile tab)G21, G32
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References74
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Tables4
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Figures0
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- Table 1. Variables and indicators
- Table 2. Descriptive statistics
- Table 3. Correlation analysis
- Table 4. Regression analysis of risk taking on ROA
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Conceptualization
Ngatno, Gilda Maulina
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Formal Analysis
Ngatno, Gilda Maulina
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Methodology
Ngatno
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Writing – original draft
Ngatno, Gilda Maulina
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Writing – review & editing
Ngatno, Gilda Maulina
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Data curation
Gilda Maulina
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Conceptualization
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Academic resilience, emotional intelligence, and academic performance among undergraduate students
Uzoma Ononye
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Mercy Ogbeta ,
Francis Ndudi
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Dudutari Bereprebofa ,
Ikechuckwu Maduemezia
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/kpm.06(1).2022.01
Knowledge and Performance Management Volume 6, 2022 Issue #1 pp. 1-10 Views: 7148 Downloads: 1813 TO CITE АНОТАЦІЯAcademic resilience and emotional intelligence are considered important personal resources for furthering students’ academic performance. However, many educational organizations seem to trivialize the performance implications of these constructs in teachings and curriculum. Consequently, it can decrease not just their academic performance but also their employability, as they lack the generic competencies to adapt and survive in a stressful context. Even so, empirical evidence on integrating academic resilience, emotional intelligence, and academic performance remains unexplored in the Nigerian university context. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the linkages between academic resilience, emotional intelligence, and academic performance in Nigeria. The partial least square (PLS) modeling method was utilized for testing the stated hypotheses with data collected from 179 final year undergraduate students in the regular B.Sc. Business Administration and B.Sc. Marketing program at Delta State University, Nigeria. From the PLS results, the study reported that academic resilience was positively related to emotional intelligence (β = 0.125, p = 0.007), academic resilience (β = 0.231, p = 0.000) and emotional intelligence (β = 0.260, p = 0.000) were positively related to academic performance, and emotional resilience mediated the positive relationship between academic resilience and academic performance (β = 0.057, p = 0.005). While academic resilience predicted academic performance, it also predicted emotional intelligence, which affected academic performance significantly and positively.
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Investigating the impact of workplace bullying on employees’ morale, performance and turnover intentions in five-star Egyptian hotel operations
Ashraf Tag-Eldeen , Mona Barakat , Hesham Dar doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/tt.1(1).2017.01In today’s competitive business environment, human resources are one of the most critical assets particularly for service-focused organizations. Consequently, employees’ morale has become invaluable for maintaining outstanding organizational performance and retaining employees. One of the most important factors which may affect employees’ satisfaction is workplace bullying from employers and colleagues at large. It is considered a negative and unethical issue which may degrade, humiliate and create a risk to a healthy working environment. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to investigate the extent to which workplace bullying may affect the organizational outcomes of a sample of five-star hotels in Egypt. Two questionnaires were distributed among the subjects of the sample; bell desk staff, kitchen stewards and head departments. The results of this research confirmed that there is a correlation between workplace bullying, employees’ morale and turnover intentions but, showed no correlation between workplace bullying and employees’ work performance.
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Corporate governance and financial performance: an empirical analysis of selected multinational firms in Nigeria
Gideon Tayo Akinleye , Odunayo Olarewaju
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Bamikole Samson Fajuyagbe
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.17(1).2019.02
Problems and Perspectives in Management Volume 17, 2019 Issue #1 pp. 11-18 Views: 5311 Downloads: 1109 TO CITE АНОТАЦІЯThis study focused on corporate governance and performance of selected Nigerian multinational firms from 2012 to 2016. Specifically, the study focused on the effect of board size, activism and committee activism on return on asset and firm growth rate. Secondary data collected from four multinational firms were analyzed via static panel estimation techniques. While board size and board activism exerted significant negative impact on return on asset, committee activism exerted insignificant impact. The results of the study further showed that board size and board activism exert insignificant negative impact on firm’s growth rate, while committee activism insignificantly spurs firm’s growth rate. Decisively, discoveries from this study reflect that corporate governance has significant negative impact on return on asset, but has insignificant influence on the growth rate of Nigerian multinational firms. Based on these findings, the authors recommended that corporate governance dynamics in firms world over should be reconsidered, such that it gives credence to more than just numbers of persons or meetings held, but the main reasons and deliberations in such meetings. It was also recommended that excessive increase in magnitude or frequency of meetings held by board of directors cum committee should be avoided.

