Olzhas Adilkhanov

Type of the article: Research Article

Support for the education system is a strategic measure that ensures the long-term development and growth of a country’s economy. Increased funding in this area enables the training of qualified specialists who can adapt to the challenges of the modern economy. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to assess the impact of government spending on education to generate highly intelligent human capital on economic growth in Kazakhstan from 2009 to 2023 using the least squares method, which includes components of government spending on education, as well as the GLS random effects model, which is used to determine the reliability of results. The results show a strong relationship between economic growth and government spending on secondary technical education (0.2393), a moderate relationship between higher education spending (0.0423) and economic development, and a weak relationship between primary education (–0.0050) and economic growth. Thus, a 1-point increase in expenditures for secondary technical education may lead to a 0.2393% increase in GRP, and a 1-point increase in government spending on higher education will lead to a 0.0423% increase in GRP. However, a significant share of government spending is on basic primary education (58%). Based on this, the financing of the education system requires a shift in the financing vector, with a greater focus on higher and secondary technical education, to achieve a more significant impact on economic development.

Acknowledgments
This research is supported by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (AP19680246 “Building up highly intelligent human resources in the conditions of digitalization of the economy of Kazakhstan: problems and prospects”, 2023–2025).

Type of the article: Research Article

Abstract
In the context of Kazakhstan’s resource-based economy, the issue of developing export-oriented production and its diversification is becoming particularly relevant. This paper examines the macroeconomic factors determining export-oriented production in Kazakhstan. The study uses an econometric model to analyze the dynamics of export growth over time. Empirical results show positive coefficients for terms of trade (0.676, p < 0.01) and socio-economic development (0.001, p < 0.01), as well as a negative coefficient for the indicator determining the share of the manufacturing industry in GDP (–0.598, p < 0.01). In addition, foreign direct investment has not demonstrated a statistically significant relationship with export volumes. The results show that Kazakhstan’s export structure remains relatively concentrated, with a significant share of exports associated with mineral resources and energy products, making export performance sensitive to external market conditions. The results obtained emphasize the need to strengthen industrial, export, and investment policies, as well as stimulate the production of high-value-added products and increase the country’s technological potential to achieve sustainable export growth, which are priorities for Kazakhstan’s long-term economic development.

Acknowledgments
This study is supported by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan – AP26198229 Mechanisms for the development of export-oriented production: modern approaches and directions of implementation.