Climate change, pastoral migration, resource governance and security: the Grazing Bill solution to farmer-herder conflict in Nigeria
-
DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.08(3).2017.04
-
Article InfoVolume 8 2017, Issue #3, pp. 35-45
- Cited by
- 1371 Views
-
1523 Downloads
This work is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
Violent conflict between native communities and migrant herdsmen is one of Nigeria’s most ubiquitous security challenges in the age of climate change. It accounts for an increasing number of human and material losses which is not only surpassed by the country’s ongoing counter-insurgency, but also threatens unity among its regions. It has therefore gained attention in the legislative arm of government. In response, lawmakers mainly of northern Nigeria extraction have proposed a Grazing Bill which seeks to expand and legalize nationwide access to grazing land for pastoral farmers in defiance to agitation in host communities for legislative protection. A cardinal principle of federalism is the premium placed on preservation of local interests that are peculiar to component units while harnessing strength in areas of concerns common to federating units. Against the backdrop of Nigeria’s federal system and its social, ecological and historical diversity, this paper examines the implications of the proposed Grazing Bill for managing farmer-herder conflict. It argues that frameworks which downplay the country’s diversity will further aggravate conflicts and insecurity in the fragile federation. The paper therefore advocates for sedentary system of cattle ranching.
- Keywords
-
JEL Classification (Paper profile tab)Q54, Q34, Q15
-
References66
-
Tables0
-
Figures0
-
- Abbass, I. M. (2011). No Retreat, No Surrender: Conflict for Survival between Fulani Pastoralist and Farmers in Northern Nigeria. European Scientific Journal, 8(1), 153-166.
- Adekunle, O. A., & Adisa, S. R. (2010). An Empirical Phenomenological Psychological Study of Farmer-Herder Conflicts in North-central Nigeria. Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences, 2(1), 1-27.
- Adeleye, R. A. (1971). Power and Diplomacy in Northern Nigeria: The Sokoto Caliphate and its Enemies, 1804-1906. London: Longman.
- Amobi, D., & Onyisi, T. (2015). Governance and Climate Change in Nigeria: A Public Policy Perspective. Journal of Policy and Development Studies, 9(2), 199-209.
- Amusan, L. (2011). Water: a crisis in waiting. New Zealand International Review, November/December, 36(6), 21-24.
- Amusan, L. (2013). Nigeria and its Neighbors in the Age of Climate Change: An Assessment of the Lake Chad Basin Area. In Adeoye A. Akinsanya and John A. Ayoade (Eds.), An Introduction to Political Science in Nigeria (pp. 261-282). Lanham. Maryland: University Press of America.
- Amusan, L., & Oyewole, S. (2014). Boko Haram Terrorism in Nigeria: A Reflection on the Failure of Democratic Containment. Politeia. Journal for Political Science and Public Administration, 33(1), 35-49.
- Aregheore, E. M. (2009). Country pasture/forage resources profile, Nigeria, In Suttie J. M and S.G Regnolds (Eds.), Agriculture and education services. Apia Samoa: Marfel consulting.
- Azuwike, O. D., & Enwerem, E. (2010). Nigeria’s Changing Environment and Pastoral Nomadism: Redistribution of Pains and Gains. Imo State University.
- Baca, M. W. (2015). Farmer-Herder Clashes Amplify Challenge for Beleaguered Nigerian Security. IPI Global Observatory, July.
- Balal, A. (2012). Nigeria: Suswam Urges Dialogue Over Herders/Farmers Clashes. 1 November.
- Barnett, J., & Webber, M. (2009). Accommodating Migration to Promote Adaptation to Climate Change. Policy brief. For the Secretariat of the Swedish Commission on Climate Change and Development, and the World Bank World Development Report 2010 team. Stockholm: Commission on Climate Change and Development.
- Barrot, P. (1992). Farmers vs. Herders: Conflict Erupts. Club du Sahel Newsletter, 12, 5-6.
- Bauhaug, A., Gleditsch, N. P., & Theisen, O. M. (2008). Implications of Climate Change for Armed Conflict. Paper presented at the World Bank Workshop on Social Dimensions of Climate Change. The World Bank, Washington DC. 5-6th March.
- Benjaminsen, T. A., Ba, B. (2009). Farmer-herder conflicts, pastoral marginalisation and corruption: a case study from the inland Niger delta of Mali. The Geographical Journal, 175(1), 71-81.
- Blench, R. (2003). The Dimensions of Ethnicity, Language and Culture in Nigeria: The Ethnicity Dimension. Paper submitted to DFID, Nigeria.
- Brancati, D. (2007). Political Aftershocks: The Impact of Earthquakes on Intrastate Conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 51(5), 715-743.
- British Colonial Report Annual (1916). Nigeria: Annual Report for 1914. British Colonial Reports—Annual, No 878, April.
- Brooks, N. (2003). Vulnerability, risk and adaptation: A conceptual framework. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research Working Paper 38, November.
- Burke, M., Miguel, E., Satyanath, S., Dykema, J., Lobell, D. (2009). Warming increases risk of civil war in Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(49), 20670-20674.
- CIEL. (2006). CBPR database -Nigeria. Centre for International Environmental Law.
- Cleaver, K. M., & Shreiber, G. A. (1994). Reversing the Spiral: The Population, Agriculture, and Environment Nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa, Directions in Development. The World Bank.
- Coleman, J. S. (1958). Nigeria: A Background to Nationalism. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Conroy, S. (2014). Land Conflict, Climate Change, and Violence in Nigeria: Patterns, Mapping, and Evolution.
- Crozier, D., & Blench, R. M. (1992). Index of Nigerian Languages (2nd Edition). Dallas: SIL.
- Daily Trust. (2012). Nigeria: Grazing Reserves Commission Bill Divides Senate. 4 July 2012.
- Deutsch, M. (1973). The Resolution of Conflicts. New Haven: Yale University.
- Dollard, J., Doob, L., Miller, N., Mowrer, O., & Sears, R. (1939). Frustration and aggression. New Haven: CT: Yale University Press.
- Dorward, D. C. (1975). Government publications relating to Nigeria, 1862-1960. East Ardsley, England: EP Microform.
- Dougherty, J. E., & Pfaltzgraff, R. L. (1996). Contending theories of international relations: a comprehensive survey. New York: Longman.
- Dun, O., & Gemene, F. (2008). Defining ‘environmental migration’. Forced Migration Review, October 2008, Issue 31.
- ENDS (2014). Genocide in Nigeria: Boko Haram Death Toll 100,000 – 1,000,000. News Rescue Online. December 14.
- Enete, A. A., & Amusa, T. A. (2010). Contribution of Men and Women to Farming Decisions in Cocoa Based Agroforestry Households of Ekiti State, Nigeria. Tropicultura, 28(2), 77-83.
- Evans, A. (2012). Resource, Risks and Resilience: Scarcity and Climate Change in Ethiopia. Centre on International Cooperation, New York University.
- Fabusoro, E., & Oyegbami, A. (2009). Key issues in the livelihoods security of migrant Fulani pastoralist: empirical evidence from Southwest Nigeria. Journal of humanities social sciences and creative arts, 4(2), 1-20.
- Fabusoro, E. (2007). Key Issues in Livelihood Security of Migrant Fulani Pastoralists: Empirical Evidence from Southwest Nigeria. AEGIS European Conference on African Studies, African Studies Centre, Leiden, Netherlands, 11-14th July.
- Falola, T., & Heaton, M.M. 2008. A History of Nigeria. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Fasona, M. J., & Omojola, A. S. (2005). Climate Change, Human Security and Communal Clashes in Nigeria, Human Security and Climate Change, International Workshop, at Holmer Fjord Hotel, Asker, Near Oslo. 21-23, June.
- Felson, B. R. (1992). Kick’ Em When They’re Down: Explanations of the Relationship Between Stress and Interpersonal Aggression and Violence. The Sociological Quarterly, 33(1), 1-16.
- Folami, O. M., & Folami, A. O. (2013). Climate Change and Inter-Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria. Peace Review, 25(1), 104-110.
- Gomez, O. (2013). Climate change and migration: A review of the literature. A study commissioned by the International Institute of Social Studies, The Hague (Erasmus University Rotterdam), and the International Development Research Centre. Canada.
- Horton, R. (1972). Stateless Societies in the History of West Africa In J.F.A. Ajayi and Michael Crowder (Eds.), History of West Africa, Vol. 1. London: Longman.
- Hsiang, S. M., Burke, M., & Miguel, E. (2013). Quantifying the Influence of Climate on Human Conflict. Science Express.
- Ibrahim, A. (2012). Linking vision with reality in the implementation of policy framework for pastoralism in Nigeria. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice, 2(7), 1-7.
- IPCC (1990). Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment. Report prepared for Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change by Working Group I J.T. Houghton, G.J. Jenkins and J.J. Ephraums (Eds.),. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
- IPCC, Working Group II (2007). Glossary of Terms. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007, Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability.
- Kawu, I. M. (2012). Prejudice, ignorance, profiling and the Fulbe nomad. The Vanguard, 19 July.
- Kritz, N. J. (2007). The Rule of Law in Conflict Management. Leashing the Dogs of War: Conflict Management in a Divided World, 401-424.
- Kumolu, C. (2014). Fulani herdsmen, farmers clashes: Furore over grazing reserves. Vanguard News.
- Last, D. M. (1967). The Sokoto Caliphate. London: Longman.
- Muhammed, I., Ismaila, A. B., & Bibi, U. M. (2015). An assessment of farmer-pastoralist conflict in Nigeria using GIS. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention, 4(7), 23-33.
- Nel, P. R., & Righarts, M. (2008). Natural Disasters and the Risk of Violent Civil Conflict. International Studies Quarterly, 51(1), 159-184.
- Nuru, S. (1984). Livestock research in Nigeria. In Von-Kaufmann R., Chater S. and Blench R. (Ed.) Livestock systems in Nigeria’s subhumid zone. Proccedings of the second ILCA/NAPRI symposium held in Kaduna/Nigeria on the 29th October-2nd November.
- Nzeshi, O. (2013). Grazing Reserves Bill: The Challenges Ahead. This Day, August 10.
- Okeke, O. E. (2014). Conflicts between Fulani Herders and Farmers in Central and Southern Nigeria: Discourse on Proposed Establishment of Grazing Routes and Reserves. International Journal of Arts and Humanities, 3(1), 66-84.
- Okello, A. L., Majekodunmi, A. O., Malala, A., Welburn, S. C., & Smith, J. (2014). Identifying motivators for state-pastoralist dialogue: Exploring the relationships between livestock services, self-organisation and conflict in Nigeria’s pastoralist Fulani. Pastoralism Springer, 4(12), 1-14.
- Olufemi, F. J., & Samson, A. O. (2012). Climate Change, Environment and Conflicts in Nigeria, British. Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, 6(1), 11-20.
- Osimen, G. U., Balogun, A., & Adenegan, T. S. (2013). Ethnicity and Identity Crisis: Challenge to National Integration in Nigerian. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 16(4), 79-86.
- Oyenuga, V. A. (1967). Agriculture in Nigeria: An introduction. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
- Rasak, S. E. (2011). The Land Use Act of 1978: Appraisal, Problems and Prospects. A Bachelor of Law Project, University of Ilorin, Nigeria.
- RECANIGER (2009). Etude régionale sur les contextes de la commercialisation du bétail/Accès aux marchés et défis d’amélioration des conditions de vie des communautés pastorales. Regional Study on the contexts of livestock marketing/Market Access and challenges of improving the living conditions of pastoral communities. IRAM, SNV, pp 96.
- Sayne, A. (2011). Climate Change Adaptation and Conflict in Nigeria. Special Report, United States Institute for Peace. Washington.
- Slettebak, R. T. (2012). Don’t blame the weather! Climate-related natural disasters and civil conflict. Journal of Peace Research, 49(1), 163-176.
- The Sun (2013). 20 feared killed as Fulani herdsmen, Soja Patali clash in Benue.
- Udo, R. K. (1980). Environment and Peoples of Nigeria: A Geographical Introduction to the History of Nigeriaǁ. Obaro Ikime (Ed.), Groundwork of Nigerian History. Ibadan: Heinemann.
- Wilson, G. L., & Hanna, M. S. (1979). Groups in Context: Leadership and Participation in Small Groups. New York: Mc Graw-hill.