Kishore L.

The investment decisions are subjected to risk and return of the financial asset. Options strategies help employ a suitable strategy to balance the risk-return trade-off. The study analyzes the risk-return trade-off of the long straddle, long strangle, long call butterfly (LCB), short straddle, short strangle, and short call butterfly (SCB) strategies. Moreover, it measures the impact of strategy risk and options premiums on strategy return using panel data analysis. Additionally, the study evaluates the performance of options strategies using the excess returns to risk approach under neutral and volatile market conditions. This paper considered companies of top-six sector indices of the National Stock Exchange from 2009 to 2020 and collected data of 18,720 option contracts and 3,744 observations for each strategy (22,464 observations). The study revealed that risks of long straddle and long strangle strategies have a positive impact, and options premiums negatively influence their payoff. ATM call premiums positively affect LCB payoff, while OTM and ITM call premiums positively influence SCB payoff. However, the risks of butterfly strategy did not influence its payoff. The risk of short straddle and short strangle strategies negatively influenced the payoff and were considered riskier strategies. Moreover, short straddle and short strangle strategies enhanced excess returns under both market conditions. The results would help the investors in choosing the appropriate strategy by analyzing the impact of risk on the payoff and the ability to enhance excess returns to the risk of various options strategies to incorporate in their investment.

Personality traits are qualities that make a person distinctive and describe stable behavior patterns. Therefore, understanding the influence of personality traits on behavioral intention will help predict investors’ investment decisions. This study aims to assess the impact of personality traits, i.e., openness to experience, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and extraversion, on investors’ behavioral intentions. Moreover, it assesses the mediating effect of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control between investors’ personality traits and behavioral intention. The study employed a structured questionnaire on a sample of 413 retail investors. Further, obtained data were empirically examined on Smart-PLS 3.3 using the PLS-SEM method. The study found that perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, and attitude positively affected behavioral intention. However, the personality traits did not influence the intention directly. Further, mediation analysis revealed that attitude and subjective norm fully mediated the relationship between extraversion, neuroticism, openness, and intention. In contrast, attitude and subjective norms did not exhibit a mediating relationship between agreeableness, conscientiousness, and intention. Finally, perceived behavioral control fully mediated the relationship between personality traits and intention, except for conscientiousness. The study contributes by extending the applicability of the theory of planned behavior by examining the impact of big-five personality traits on behavioral intention and mediating the role of the theory of planned behavior’s dimension between personality traits and intention.

Risk aversion plays a crucial role in understanding how individuals make financial decisions and allocate their resources. This study analyzes the influence of risk aversion on behavioral intentions and explores the mediating role of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Additionally, it investigates the moderating effect of gender and financial literacy on behavioral intentions of investors. A sample of 400 people was collected from Indian retail investors by administering a structured questionnaire through stock brokering firms, and data were analyzed using Partial least squares – Structural equation modelling in the Smart PLS 3.3.9 software. The research found that risk aversion, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control significantly impact an investor’s intention. Among all the antecedents of behavioral intentions, perceived behavioral control (β 0.481*) was found as a significant predictor of the intention compared to attitude (β 0.154*), subjective norms (β 0.224*) and risk aversion (β 0.082*) factors. Further, mediation analysis found that attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control partially mediated the relationship between risk aversion and intention. Lastly, the multi-group analysis revealed that gender and financial literacy did not moderate the association between risk aversion and intention.

The interplay between stock market performance and economic risk is a central concern in financial economics, as macroeconomic variables have a considerable impact on investment decisions and stock pricing. This relationship is particularly critical for bank stocks, as their performance is a key indicator of a country’s financial health. While extensive research has explored bank stock returns in developed economies, there exists a significant gap in understanding this dynamic within developing countries like India, particularly amid macroeconomic fluctuations underscored by the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the substantial investments in bank stocks by Indian investors, this study aims to examine the impact of macroeconomic factors on Indian bank stock returns. The study employs quarterly data from 2013–14 to 2022–23, with macroeconomic data sourced from the CMIE Economic Outlook and bank stock returns data obtained from the Bloomberg database. Using an Ordinary Least Squares regression model, the findings reveal that interest rate (β = 0.3069), inflation (β = 0.1644), GDP (β = 0.1928) and COVID-19 (β = 0.5737) exert significant positive effects on bank stock returns, while the exchange rate (β = –0.7440) has a substantial negative impact. The results highlight the sensitivity of bank stock returns to macroeconomic volatilities, with the pronounced impact of the COVID-19 pandemic further highlighting the effects of economic crises. The findings emphasize the need for incorporating these factors into the bank stock returns model, offering valuable insights for investors, banks, and financial regulators.

Acknowledgment
Aleena Joseph is a recipient of the Indian Council of Social Science Research Doctoral Fellowship. The article is largely an outcome of the doctoral work sponsored by ICSSR. However, the responsibility for the facts stated, opinions expressed, and the conclusions drawn is entirely that of the authors.