Anthony Ogar

Shadow banking is usually considered as offering financial and financial-related support outside of the mainstream conventional financial system. The biggest issue facing micro-, small, and medium-sized businesses (MSMEs) in Nigeria is the inconveniences and challenges associated with obtaining funds or credit from conventional banks, which encourages remote business operations and small-scale expansion. Thus, shadow banking activity is still widespread among MSMEs in Nigeria. This study used MSMEs operating in the Marian and Watt markets to analyze the impact of shadow bank interest income, savings products, and loans on the performance of MSMEs. A systematic Likert scale questionnaire was given to a group of 160 people, with 157 questionnaires duly returned. The survey research design was adopted, while the SPSS software was used to analyze the data acquired. As such, shadow banking interest income has a non-significant positive impact (0.022%) on the performance of MSMEs in Calabar metropolis; shadow banking savings products have a negative but significant impact (–0.160%) on MSME performance in Calabar metropolis, while shadow banking loans have a positive and significant effect (0.194%) on micro-, small, and medium-scale firm performance in Calabar metropolis. The study concluded that shadow bank operators should ensure that their service costs are standardized and supplied at affordable rates to attract MSMEs to patronize them for more successful business operations.

Bank capital is one of the protective and necessary parameters for better performance in any banking system. This may explain why the industry in Nigeria has been constantly recapitalized for sectorial enhancement. Given the various bank capital reforms the sectors have undergone and a number of interventions, the question arose: How adequate is capital? The study used descriptive statistics and Levene’s test for equality of variance, as well as an independent sample t-test to look at the (10) ten various performance parameters for both pre- and post- recapitalization periods. From the results of the analysis, most of the performance parameters did not improve after post-recapitalization. This answers the question posed by the study that capital is not adequate in the Nigerian banking sector. Therefore, there is a need to inject more bank capital into the Nigerian banking sector if this sector must have a greater impact and respond to the challenges of the Nigerian economy for sustainable growth and development.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the dynamic capabilities of family business as a catalyst for survival and growth in Nigeria. A quantitative technique involving a descriptive survey was adopted for the study. A questionnaire measurement instrument was constructed and deployed on a sample of 410 respondents in the selected family businesses. Copies of the questionnaire measurement instrument were conveniently distributed to employees of the selected family businesses to obtain data for the study. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used to validate the constructs in the measurement instrument. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to estimate the structural relationship between constructs of family business dynamic capabilities for survival and growth. The results showed that sensing and seizing, learning and reconfiguration and succession planning capabilities of family business have a significant positive effect on survival and growth. Therefore, family business managers should effectively deploy sensing and seizing, learning and reconfiguration and succession planning capabilities to enhance business survival and growth.

Acknowledgments
The authors express gratitude to anonymous reviewers, the journal editor and all the authors whose works were used in this study. The authors are grateful to the management of the family businesses included in the study for their approval for the administration of the questionnaire instrument and to the survey respondents who gave their views on the issues raised in the questionnaire instrument.