Personality and image as predictors of the intention to revisit and recommend tourist destinations
-
DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.21511/im.19(1).2023.15
-
Article InfoVolume 19 2023, Issue #1, pp. 175-185
- Cited by
- 641 Views
-
256 Downloads
This work is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Undeniably, the new normality caused by COVID-19 presents an enormous challenge for tourist destinations to become more attractive to visitors. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of destination personality and image on tourist behavior in Peru. This quantitative and cross-sectional analysis targeted 998 national tourists via a non-probabilistic convenience sampling. The study employed AMOS 24 statistical software for exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The results showed positive effects of social innovativeness (β = 0.374), performance (β = 0.404), and honesty (β = 0.191) on an affective image. Likewise, the study confirms the favorable effects of social innovativeness (β = 0.524), performance (β = 0.156), and honesty (β = 0.280) on a cognitive image. Furthermore, the effects of a cognitive image on the intention to revisit (β = –0.756) and intention to recommend (β = –0.756) are also measured. In addition, the findings support the positive effects of an affective image in intention to revisit (β = 1.549) and intention to recommend (β = 1.547); all results obtained a significance less than 0.05 (p < 0.001). This study concludes that brand personality is a valuable concept that can suggest strategies to improve the brand image, so the personality of tourist destinations should be congruent with the personality of tourists.
- Keywords
-
JEL Classification (Paper profile tab)M31, Z32, D12
-
References68
-
Tables3
-
Figures2
-
- Figure 1. Theoretical model
- Figure 2. Confirmatory research model
-
- Table 1. Confirmatory analysis values
- Table 2. Instrument validation
- Table 3. Path analysis
-
- Aaker, J. (1997). Dimensions of brand personality. Journal of Marketing Research, 34(3), 347-356.
- Abd Rahman, A., Asrarhaghighi, E., & Ab Rahman, S. (2015). Consumers and halal cosmetic products: Knowledge, religiosity, attitude and intention. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 6(1), 148-163.
- Aiken, L. R. (1985). Three coefficients for analyzing the reliability and validity of ratings. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 45(1), 131-142.
- Amaro, S., & Duarte, P. (2015). An integrative model of consumers’ intentions to purchase travel online. Tourism Management, 46, 64-79.
- Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423.
- Allameh, S. M., Khazaei Pool, J., Jaberi, A., Salehzadeh, R., & Asadi, H. (2015). Factors influencing sport tourists’ revisit intentions. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 27(2), 191-207.
- Baker, D. A., & Crompton, J. L. (2000). Quality, satisfaction and behavioral intentions. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(3), 785-804.
- Barrientos, R., Ascensão, F., & D’Amico, M. (2020). Inappropriate tourist behavior in protected areas can lead to wildlife road-kills. Animal Conservation, 23(4), 343-344.
- Beerli, A., & Martín, J. D. (2004). Factors influencing destination image. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3), 657-681.
- Blank, A. S., Koenigstorfer, J., & Baumgartner, H. (2018). Sport team personality: It’s not all about winning! Sport Management Review, 21(2), 114-132.
- Byrne, B. M. (2013). Structural equation modeling with EQS (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
- Cam, L. N. T., Nga, D. Q., & Tianrungpaisal, T. (2019). Brand personality and its moderating impact on brand loyalty: The empirical research of cafes in Vietnam. Proceedings of the 2019 5th International Conference on E-Business and Applications – ICEBA 2019 (pp. 60-64).
- Carballo, R. R., León, C. J., & Carballo, M. M. (2021). The impact of terrorist attacks in cities on the relationship between tourists’ risk perception, destination image and behavioural intentions. Cities, 119, 103382.
- Chaulagain, S., Wiitala, J., & Fu, X. (2019). The impact of country image and destination image on US tourists’ travel intention. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 12, 1-11.
- Chen, C.-F., & Chen, F.-S. (2010). Experience quality, perceived value, satisfaction and behavioral intentions for heritage tourists. Tourism Management, 31(1), 29-35.
- Choi, J. G., Tkachenko, T., & Sil, S. (2011). On the destination image of Korea by Russian tourists. Tourism Management, 32(1), 193-194.
- Chua, B. L., Kim, H. C., Lee, S., & Han, H. (2019). The role of brand personality, self-congruity, and sensory experience in elucidating sky lounge users’ behavior. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 36(1), 29-42.
- Cruz-Tarrillo, J., Haro-Zea, K. L., Tarqui, E. E. A., & Turpo-Chaparro, J. (2022). Design and validation of the brand personality scale in tourist destinations. Innovative Marketing, 18(2), 1-12.
- Fournier, S. (1998). Consumers and their brands: Developing relationship theory in consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 24(4), 343-373.
- Garanti, Z., & Kissi, P. S. (2019). The effects of social media brand personality on brand loyalty in the Latvian banking industry: The mediating role of brand equity. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 37(6), 1480-1503.
- Garanti, Z., Ilkhanizadeh, S., & Kissi, P. S. (2019). The impact of branding on tourists’ satisfaction and loyalty in Iran. In Experiencing Persian heritage (Bridging tourism theory and practice, Vol. 10) (pp. 223-241). Emerald Publishing Limited.
- Gnoth, J. (2002). Leveraging export brands through a tourism destination brand. Journal of Brand Management, 9(4), 262-280.
- Greene, T., Seet, C., Rodríguez Barrio, A., McIntyre, D., Kelly, B., & Bragg, M. A. (2022). Brands with personalities – Good for businesses, but bad for public health? A content analysis of how food and beverage brands personify themselves on Twitter. Public Health Nutrition, 25(1), 51-60.
- Hair, J., Anderson, R., Babin, B., & Black, W. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson.
- Hosany, S., Ekinci, Y., & Uysal, M. (2007). Destination image and destination personality. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 1(1), 62-81.
- Hultman, M., Strandberg, C., Oghazi, P., & Mostaghel, R. (2017). The role of destination personality fit in destination branding: Antecedents and outcomes. Psychology and Marketing, 34(12), 1073-1083.
- Josiassen, A., Kock, F., & Nørfelt, A. (2022). Tourism affinity and its effects on tourist and resident behavior. Journal of Travel Research, 61(2), 299-313.
- Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 141-151.
- Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31-36.
- Kemp, E., Childers, C. Y., & Williams, K. H. (2012). Place branding: creating self-brand connections and brand advocacy. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 21(7), 508-515.
- Kim, H.-b., & Lee, S. (2015). Impacts of city personality and image on revisit intention. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 1(1), 50-69.
- Kim, J. H., Ritchie, J. R. B., & McCormick, B. (2012). Development of a scale to measure memorable tourism experiences. Journal of Travel Research, 51(1), 12-25.
- Kusumawati, A., Utomo, H. S., Suharyono, S., & Sunarti, S. (2020). Effects of sustainability on WoM intention and revisit intention, with environmental awareness as a moderator. Management of Environmental Quality, 31(1), 273-288.
- Kvasova, O. (2015). The Big Five personality traits as antecedents of eco-friendly tourist behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 83, 111-116.
- Li, J., Nguyen, T. H. H., & Coca-Stefaniak, J. A. (2021). Coronavirus impacts on post-pandemic planned travel behaviours. Annals of Tourism Research, 86, 102964.
- Liang, X., & Xue, J. (2021). Mediating effect of destination image on the relationship between risk perception of smog and revisit intention: A case of Chengdu. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 26(9), 1024-1037.
- Loi, L. T. I., So, A. S. I., Lo, I. S., & Fong, L. H. N. (2017). Does the quality of tourist shuttles influence revisit intention through destination image and satisfaction? The case of Macao. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 32, 115-123.
- Mahalanobis, P. C. (2018). On generalized distance in statistics (Reprinted). The Indian Journal of Statistics, 80(1_A suppl), S1-S7.
- Malär, L., Nyffenegger, B., Krohmer, H., & Hoyer, W. D. (2012). Implementing an intended brand personality: A dyadic perspective. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(5), 728-744.
- Marques, C., Vinhas da Silva, R., & Antova, S. (2021). Image, satisfaction, destination and product post-visit behaviours: How do they relate in emerging destinations? Tourism Management, 85, 104293.
- McKercher, B., Shoval, N., Park, E., & Kahani, A. (2015). The [limited] impact of weather on tourist behavior in an urban destination. Journal of Travel Research, 54(4), 442-455.
- Moraga, E. T., Artigas, E. A. M., & Irigoyen, C. C. (2012). Development and proposal of a scale for measuring the image of touristic destinations (IMATUR). Review of Business Management, 14(45), 400-418.
- Nazir, M. U., Yasin, I., & Tat, H. H. (2021). Destination image’s mediating role between perceived risks, perceived constraints, and behavioral intention. Heliyon, 7(7), e07613.
- Ogilvy, D. (1955). The image of the brand – A new approach to creative operations (6 p.). The Courtesy of Ogilvy & Mather.
- Özdemir, C., & Yolal, M. (2017). Cross-cultural tourist behavior: An examination of tourists’ behavior in guided tours. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 17(3), 314-324.
- Pan, L., Zhang, M., Gursoy, D., & Lu, L. (2017). Development and validation of a destination personality scale for mainland Chinese travelers. Tourism Management, 59, 338-348.
- Papadimitriou, D., Apostolopoulou, A., & Kaplanidou, K. (K.). (2015). Destination personality, affective image, and behavioral intentions in domestic urban tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 54(3), 302-315.
- Papadimitriou, D., Kaplanidou, K., Alexandris, K., & Theodorakis, N. (2019). The brand personality of professional football teams: A refined model based on the Greek professional football league. Sport, Business and Management, 9(5), 443-459.
- Pereira, R. L. G., Correia, A., & Schutz, R. L. A. (2015). Golf destinations’ brand personality: The case of the Algarve. International Journal of Culture, Tourism, and Hospitality Research, 9(2), 133-153.
- Peter, J. P., & Olson, J. C. (1983). Is science marketing? Journal of Marketing, 47(4), 111-125.
- Phills, J. A., Deiglmeier, K., & Miller, D. T. (2008). Rediscovering social innovation. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 6(4), 34-43.
- Pong, K., & Noor, S. (2015). The influence of destination personality on brand image evaluation among archaeological tourists. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 31(1), 133-152.
- Priporas, C. V., Stylos, N., & Kamenidou, I. (E.). (2020). City image, city brand personality and generation Z residents’ life satisfaction under economic crisis: Predictors of city-related social media engagement. Journal of Business Research, 119, 453-463.
- Purbadharmaja, I. B. P., Setiawan, P. Y., Hayashi, T., & Widanta, A. A. B. P. (2021). How electronic word of mouth (e-WOM) triggers intention to visit through destination image, trust and satisfaction: The perception of a potential tourist in Japan and Indonesia. Online Information Review, 45(5), 861-878.
- Ragab, H., Mahrous, A. A., & Ghoneim, A. (2020). Egypt’s perceived destination image and its impact on tourist’s future behavioural intentions. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 6(2), 449-466.
- Ragb, H., Mahrous, A. A., & Ghoneim, A. (2020). A proposed measurement scale for mixed-images destinations and its interrelationships with destination loyalty and travel experience. Tourism Management Perspectives, 35, 100677.
- Sharma, P., & Nayak, J. K. (2019). Do tourists’ emotional experiences influence images and intentions in yoga tourism? Tourism Review, 74(3), 646-665.
- Sharma, P., & Nayak, J. K. (2020). Examining experience quality as the determinant of tourist behavior in niche tourism: An analytical approach. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 15(1), 76-92.
- Stojčić, N., Mikulić, J., & Vizek, M. (2022). High season, low growth: The impact of tourism seasonality and vulnerability to tourism on the emergence of high-growth firms. Tourism Management, 89, 104455.
- Stylidis, D. (2022). Exploring resident – Tourist interaction and its impact on tourists’ destination image. Journal of Travel Research, 61(1), 186-201.
- Stylos, N., Vassiliadis, C. A., Bellou, V., & Andronikidis, A. (2016). Destination images, holistic images and personal normative beliefs: Predictors of intention to revisit a destination. Tourism Management, 53, 40-60.
- Su, N., & Reynolds, D. (2017). Effects of brand personality dimensions on consumers’ perceived self-image congruity and functional congruity with hotel brands. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 66, 1-12.
- Tavitiyaman, P., Qu, H., Tsang, W.-s. L., & Lam, C.-w. R. (2021). The influence of smart tourism applications on perceived destination image and behavioral intention: The moderating role of information search behavior. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 46, 476-487.
- Vigolo, V. (2017). Older tourist behavior and marketing tools. Springer International Publishing.
- Wen, J., Kozak, M., Yang, S., & Liu, F. (2021). COVID-19: Potential effects on Chinese citizens’ lifestyle and travel. Tourism Review, 76(1), 74-87.
- Wu, L., Zhang, J., Lu, Q., & Rahman, A. B. M. S. (2017). Tourist adaptation behavior in response to climate disasters in Bangladesh. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(2), 217-233.
- Žabkar, V., Brenčič, M. M., & Dmitrović, T. (2010). Modelling perceived quality, visitor satisfaction and behavioural intentions at the destination level. Tourism Management, 31(4), 537-546.
- Zivanovic, M., Cerovic, S., & Bjekic, J. (2017). A six-factor model of brand personality. Psihologija, 50(2), 141-155.