Is audit committee expertise connected with increased readability of integrated reports: Evidence from EU companies
-
DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.16(2).2018.03
-
Article InfoVolume 16 2018, Issue #2, pp. 23-41
- Cited by
- 1980 Views
-
537 Downloads
This work is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
This study contributes to the recent “managerial ability” literature and analyses the impact of audit committees’ financial and sustainability expertise (i.e. combined and separately as individuals) on the readability of integrated reports. Analyses were conducted with data on a sample of European Union (EU) public interest entities (PIE) from the Examples Database of the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) for the fiscal years 2014–2016 (i.e. 215 firm-year observations). Correlation and regression analyses were conducted to evaluate possible links between either financial or sustainability expertise and combined financial and sustainability expertise in audit committees and the readability of integrated reports, as measured by the Flesch Reading Ease and Gunning Fog indices. While audit committees’ financial and sustainability expertise has a positive impact on the readability of integrated reports, combined expertise has a stronger effect compared with either financial or sustainability expertise. This finding is in line with the idea that, to combine financial and sustainability information in integrated reports, audit committees need to have more diverse expertise. Companies, regulators and researchers could be significantly affected by the finding that managerial ability variables such as audit committee expertise can have a considerable impact on integrated reporting.
- Keywords
-
JEL Classification (Paper profile tab)M41, M42
-
References72
-
Tables9
-
Figures0
-
- Table 1. Survey sample
- Table 2. Financial and sustainability expertise on the audit committee
- Table 3. Flesch reading ease score
- Table 4. Variables of the study
- Table 5. Development of the integrated reporting readability (IR)
- Table 6. Descriptive statistics
- Table 7. Pearson correlation matrix
- Table 8. Regression analysis (Flesch Reading Ease index)
- Table 9. Robustness checks (Fog index)
-
- Aldamen, H., Hollindale, J., & Ziegelmayer, J. L. (2016). Female audit committee members and their influence on audit fees. Accounting and Finance (online first).
- Barth, M. E., Cahan, S. F., Chen, L., & Venter, E. R. (2017). The economic consequences associated with integrated reporting quality: capital markets and real effects (Working paper). Pretoria.
- Beasley, M. S., Carcello, J. V., Hermanson, D. R., & Neal, T. L. (2009). The audit committee oversight process. Contemporary Accounting Research, 26, 65-122.
- Bloomfield, R. (2008). Discussion of Annual report readability, current earnings, and earnings persistence. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 45, 248-252.
- Chapple, E., Chen, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2017). Sustainability Committee Effectiveness and CSR Assurance (Working Paper). Queensland.
- Cheng, M., Green, W., Conradie, P., Konishi, N., & Romi, A. (2014). The International Integrated Reporting Framework: Key Issues and Future Research Opportunities. Journal of International Financial Management and Accounting, 25, 90-119.
- Cohen, J. R., Hoitash, U., Krishnamoorthy, & Wright, A. M. (2014). The Effect of Audit Committee Industry Expertise on Monitoring the Financial Reporting Process. The Accounting Review, 89, 243-273.
- De Villiers, C., Rinaldi, L., & Unerman, J. (2014). Integrated Reporting: Insights, gaps and an agenda for future research. Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 27, 1042-1067.
- De Villiers, C., Venter, E.R., & Hsiao, P. C. K. (2016). Integrated reporting: background, measurement issues, approaches and an agenda for future research. Accounting and Finance (online first).
- Dienes, D., & Velte, P. (2016). The impact of supervisory board composition on CSR reporting. Evidence from the German two-tier system. Sustainability, 8, 63.
- Dienes, D., Sassen, R., & Fischer, J. (2016). What are the drivers of sustainability reporting? A systematic review? Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 7, 154-189.
- Dowling, J., & Pfeffer, J. (1975). Organizational legitimacy: social values and organizational behaviour. The Pacific Sociological Review, 18, 122-136.
- EU Commission (2014a). Directive 2014/95/EU of the European Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2014 amending Directive 2013/34/EU as regards disclosure of non-financial and diversity information by certain large undertakings and groups.
- EU Commission (2014b). Regulation (EU) No 537/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 on specific requirements regarding statutory audit of public-interest entities and repealing Commission Decision 2005/909/EC. Official Journal of the European Union L, 158, 77-112.
- EU Commission (2014c). Directive 2014/56/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 amending Directive 2006/43/EC on statutory audits of annual accounts and consolidated accounts. Official Journal of the European Union L, 158, 196-226.
- Eccles, R. G., & Krzus, M. P. (2010). One report. Integrated reporting for a sustainable strategy. Hoboken: Wiley.
- Eccles, R. G., & Krzus, M. P. (2015). The integrated reporting movement - meaning, momentum motives, and materiality. Hoboken: Wiley.
- Eccles, R. G., & Serafeim, G. (2011). Accelarating the Adoption of Integrated Reporting (Working Paper). Havard.
- Eccles, R. G., & Serafeim, G. (2015). Corporate and integrated reporting. A Functional Perspective. S. A. Mohrmann, J. O’Toole, & E. Lawler (Eds.), Corporate stewardship. Achieving sustainable effectiveness (pp. 156-171). Sheffield, Greenleaf Publishing.
- Eccles, R. G., & Spiesshofer, B. (2015). Integrated reporting for a re-imagined capitalism (Working paper). Harvard.
- Fasan, M., & Mio, C. (2017). Fostering Stakeholder Engagement. The Role of Materiality Disclosure in Integrated Reporting. Business Strategy and the Enviroment, 26, 288-305.
- Fischer, T. M., & Sawczyn, A. A. (2013). The relationship between corporate social performance and corporate financial performance and the role of innovation. Evidence from German listed firms. Journal of Management Control, 24, 27-52.
- Flower, J. (2015). The International Integrated Reporting Council: a story of failure. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 27, 1-17.
- Frias-Aceituno, J. V., Rodriguez-Ariza, L., & Garica-Sanchez, I. M. (2013). Is integrated reporting determined by a country’s legal system? An exploratory study. Journal of Cleaner Production, 44, 45-55.
- German Corporate Governance Code (GCGC) (2017). German Corporate Governance Code.
- Godfrey, P. C., Merrill, C. B., & Hansen, J. M. (2009). The relationship between corporate social responsibility and shareholder value: An empirical test of the risk management hypothesis. Strategic Management Journal, 30, 425-455.
- Gray, R., Kouhy, R., & Lavers, S. (1995). Corporate social and environmental reporting – A review of the literature and a longitudinal study of UK disclosure. Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 8, 47-77.
- Habbash, M. (2016). Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility disclosure: evidence from Saudi Arabia. Social Responsibility Journal, 12, 740-754.
- Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate Data Analysis (7 ed.). Prentice Hall.
- Haji, A. A., & Anifowose, M. (2016). Audit Committee and Integrated Reporting Practice. Does Internal Assurance Matter? Managerial Auditing Journal, 31, 915-948.
- Haller, A., & Staden, C. V. (2014). The value added statement – an appropriate instrument for integrated reporting. Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 27, 1190-1216.
- Haniffa, R. M., & Cooke, T. E. (2002). Culture, corporate governance, and disclosure in Malaysian corporation. Abacus, 38, 317-349.
- Hasan, M. M. (2017). Managerial ability, annual report readability and disclosure tone (Working paper).
- Hill, C. W. L., & Jones, T. M. (1992). Stakeholder-Agency Theory. Journal of Management Studies, 29, 131-154.
- Holzman, E. R., & Miller, B. P. (2017). The Role of Management Talent in the Production of Informative Regulatory Filings (Working Paper).
- IIRC (2013a). The International
Framework, International Integrated Reporting Council. - IIRC (2013b). Capitals Background Paper for
- Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3, 305-360.
- Johansen, T. R. (2016). EU Regulation of Corporate Social and Environmental Reporting. Social and Environmental Accountability Journal, 36, 1-9.
- Kang, W. S., Kilgore, A., & Wright, S. (2011). The effectiveness of audit committees for low- and mid-cap firms. Managerial Auditing Journal, 26, 623-650.
- Kaya, C. T., Ergüden, A. E., & Sayar, A .R. Z. (2016). Essence of Integrated Reporting: A Holistic Framework for Sustainability and Value Creation. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 6, 29-34.
- Krishnan, J., Wen, Y., & Zhao, W. (2011). Legal expertise on Corporate Audit Committees and Financial Reporting Quality. The Accounting Review, 86, 2099-2130.
- Kusnadi, Y., Leong, K. S., Suwardy, T., & Wang, J. (2016). Audit Committees and Financial Reporting Quality in Singapore. Journal of Business Ethics, 139, 197-214.
- Lee, K. W., Yeo, G. H. H. (2016). The association between integrated reporting and firm evaluation. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 47, 1221-1250.
- Leuz, C., & Wysocki, P. D. (2016). The Economics of Disclosure and Financial Reporting Regulation: Evidence and Suggestions for Future Research. Journal of Accounting Research, 54, 525-622.
- Li, F. (2008). Annual report readability, current earnings, and earnings persistence. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 45, 221-247.
- Loughran, T., McDonald, B. (2014). Measuring Readability in Financial Disclosures. The Journal of Finance, 69, 1643-1671.
- Loughran, T., McDonald, B. (2016). Textual Analysis in Accounting and Finance: A Survey. Journal of Accounting Research, 54, 1187-1230.
- Mahoney, L. S., Thorne, L., Cecil, L., & LaGore, W. (2013). A research note on standalone corporate social responsibility reports: Signaling or greenwashing? Critical perspectives on Accounting, 24, 350-359.
- Melloni, G., Caglio, A., & Perego, P. (2017). Saying more with less? Disclosure conciseness, completeness and balance in integrated reports. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy (online first).
- Michelon, G., & Parbonetti, A. (2012). The effect of corporate governance on sustainability disclosure. Journal of Management and Governance, 16, 477-509.
- Monciardini, D. (2016). The ‘Coalition of the Unlikely’ Driving the EU Regulatory Process of Non-Financial Reporting. Social and Environmental Accountability Journal, 36, 76-89.
- Morros, J. (2016). The integrated reporting: A presentation of the current state of art and aspects of integrated reporting that need further development. Intangible Capital, 12, 336-356.
- Müller, S., Stawinoga, M., & Velte, P. (2015). Stakeholder expectations on CSR management and current regulatory developments in Europe and Germany. Corporate Ownership and Control, 12, 505-512.
- O’Donovan, G. (1999). Managing legitimacy through increased corporate environmental reporting: an exploratory study. Interdisciplinary Environmental Review, 1, 63-99.
- Peters, G. F., & Romi, A. M. (2015). The Association between Sustainability Governance Characteristics and the Assurance of Corporate Sustainability Reports. Auditing, 34, 163-198.
- Oliver, J., Vesty, G., & Brooks, A. (2016). Conceptualising integrated thinking in practice. Managerial Auditing Journal, 31, 228-248.
- Plessis, J. J. D., & Rühmkorf, A. (2015). New trends regarding sustainability and integrated reporting for companies: what protections do investors have? The Company Lawyer, 36, 49-62.
- Roberts, P. W., & Dowling, G. R. (2002). Corporate reputation and sustained superior financial performance. Strategic management journal, 23, 1077-1093.
- Rossi, A., & Tarquinio, L. (2017). An Analysis of Sustainability Report Assurance Statements. Evidence from Italian Listed Companies. Managerial Auditing Journal (online first).
- Schaltegger, S., & Burritt, R. (2015). Business Cases and Corporate Engagement with Sustainability: Differentiating Ethical Motivations. Journal of Business Ethics (online first).
- Serafeim, G. (2015). Integrated Reporting and Investor Clientele. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 27, 34-51.
- Shocker, A., & Sethi, P. (1973). An approach to incorporating societal preferences in developing corporate action strategies. California management review, 15, 97-105.
- Soh, D. S. B., Leung, P., & Leong, S. (2015). The development of integrated reporting and the role of the accounting and auditing profession. In M. M. Rahim, & S. O. Idowu (Eds.), Social audit regulation – development, challenges and opportunities (pp. 33-57). Springer: Cham.
- Stent, W., & Dowler, T. (2015). Early assessments of the gap between integrated reporting and current corporate reporting. Meditari Accountancy Research, 23, 92-117.
- Uygur, O. (2017). CEO ability and corporate opacity. Global Finance Journal (online first).
- Velte, P. (2017). The link between audit committees, corporate governance quality and firm performance: a literature review. Corporate Ownership and Control, 14, 15-31.
- Velte, P., & Stawinoga, M. (2017a). Empirical research on corporate social responsibility assurance (CSRA): A literature review. Journal of Business Economics, 87, 1017-1066.
- Velte, P., & Stawinoga, M. (2017b). Integrated reporting: The current state of empirical research, limitations and future research implications. Journal of Management Control, 28, 275-320.
- Velte, P., & Stiglbauer, M. (2011). Impact of audit committees with independent financial experts on accounting quality. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 9, 17-33.
- Waddock, S. A., & Graves, S. B. (1997). The corporate social performance–financial performance link. Strategic Management Journal, 18, 303-319.
- Wintoki, M. B., Linck, J. S., & Netter, J. M. (2012). Endogeneity and the dynamics of internal corporate governance. Journal of Financial Economics, 105, 581-606.