Chief executive officers’ compensation: Does gender pay parity exist in the Nigerian context?

Georgia still faces urgent problems of women employment, level of raising women’s qualification and restricted career opportunities. It impacts economic indicators as well.
Proceeding from the topicality of the problem, the goal of the research is to study the attitude towards the role of women in present-day organizations, applying complex methods of information gathering and analysis, quantitative methods of research.
The conducted research and analysis of outcomes led to the conclusion that, despite progressive changes in the state and society attitude towards gender equality, still there are many controversial issues. It is a typical situation for many countries. Although women represent half of the able-bodied population worldwide, their portion in GDP is only 37%. It indicates that full utilization of women’s potential is not or cannot be accomplished. It is significant to identify the hindering reasons.
The research results show that the hindering factors of women’s self-realization and career advancement in Georgia are: 61% – family, 27% – education/less qualification, 25% – stereotypes, 34% – inflexible work schedule and inconvenient conditions.
The authors think that, in order for the state to make maximum utilization of women’s resources as a valuable economic and political asset, it is necessary that government work out efficient ways to create convenient conditions for women. At the same time, all companies must have labor management strategy that can bring success if all aspects of women’s work in each component will be actively applied.

The underrepresentation of women in sports leadership positions raises significant concerns regarding equality and diversity. This study aims to explore the relationship between sports leadership and gender. The objective is to understand and highlight the individual, organizational, and societal factors hindering women’s progress in sports leadership roles. This paper identified 32 publications out of 157 selected references through the systematic literature review (SLR) method. The results of this meta-analysis reveal that despite their active involvement in sports, women remain inadequately represented in leadership roles. In fact, women face several challenges, including sexism, underestimation of their skills, and associating them with family constraints. Consequently, it becomes imperative to take concrete measures to promote gender equality and an equal professional development environment for both genders. Several areas for future studies could deepen the understanding of sports leadership and gender, including cross-linguistic comparisons, intersectional perspectives, longitudinal analyses, a study of male dynamics, technological impact, the evaluation of organizational policies and practices, as well as cultural comparisons.

This study examines the relationship between corporate social responsibility and the effectiveness of internal control, while simultaneously examining board gender diversity to check whether female directors contribute to corporate transparency or not. The sample of the study comprises 15,231 firm-year observations of companies listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges from 2013 to 2018. The raw data for variable calculation come from authoritative and reputable sources, such as China Stock Market and Accounting Research (CSMAR), DIB Internal Control database, and RKS CSR score. The empirical study shows that socially high-performing firms possess a more effective internal control mechanism. However, the paper failed to find a positive association of gender diversity on the board with internal control effectiveness, and failed to attest reinforcing effect of female directors on internal control in socially responsible firms. This study suggests that in China’s institutional environment, female directors are unlikely to contribute to increased corporate transparency. This study is useful for both regulators and company management to establish a master plan and tactics for board composition to improve corporate transparency, taking into account the effect of the investigated phenomena within the jurisdiction under study.

Acknowledgment
This paper is co-funded by the European Union through the European Education and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA) within the project “EMBRACING EU CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF BUSINESS-SOCIETY BONDS TRANSFORMATION IN UKRAINE” 101094100 — EECORE — ERASMUS-JMO-2022-HEI-TCH-RSCH-UA-IBA / ERASMUS-JMO-2022-HEI-TCHRSCH https://eecore.snau.edu.ua/