Indirect taxation on VAT consumption. A possible study of alternative tax rate models in Portugal
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Author(s)Ricardo de Moraes e SoaresLink to ORCID Index: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7840-7340
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Pedro PinheiroLink to ORCID Index: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3210-3963
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Paula HeliodoroLink to ORCID Index: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7420-6517
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DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.20(4).2023.14
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Article InfoVolume 20 2023, Issue #4, pp. 156-170
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170 Downloads
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
The adoption of a single VAT rate system in the EU is a complex and controversial issue, since the current model includes several differentiated rates and is intended to reflect sectoral needs and ensure greater fairness in the taxation of consumption. This study aims to analyse which of the general consumption tax models (differentiated rates or a single rate) is more efficient in terms of revenue collection. The study uses official statistics available on the official website of the Tax and Customs Authority for the period 1996–2022. VAT revenue is measured by applying the formula of the EU’s common VAT model with the necessary adaptations to the flat rate model. Quantitative methods are applied to verify which of the tax models is more efficient in terms of collection. For this purpose, two scenarios were defined (17% and 21%). The results suggest that the estimated revenues for the proposed flat rate models are higher than the amounts actually collected through the differentiated rates. They also suggest that the 21% flat rate is preferable to the 17% rate, although the latter has the capacity to maintain current revenue levels and increase the amount collected compared to the current system. The conclusions suggest that the single VAT rate model is technically more preferable and notably more efficient than the current common consumption tax model adopted by the European Union. The study concludes that the refusal to adopt the single-rate model is not due to technical reasons but to political ones.
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JEL Classification (Paper profile tab)E62, H21, H22, H25
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References46
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Tables1
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Figures2
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- Figure 1. VAT revenue with differentiated rates and estimated VAT revenues with a single rate of 17% and 21% (in M€)
- Figure 2. Laffer curve for VAT revenue with differentiated rates and for estimated VAT revenues with single rates of 17% and 21% (in M€)
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- Table 1. VAT revenue with differentiated rates and estimated VAT revenues with single rates of 17% and 21%
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Environmental Performance Index: relation between social and economic welfare of the countries
Tetyana Pimonenko 
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Oleksii Lyulyov ,
Olena Chygryn ,
Maksim Palienko
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.09(3).2018.01
Environmental Economics Volume 9, 2018 Issue #3 pp. 1-11 Views: 3504 Downloads: 522 TO CITE АНОТАЦІЯThe paper deals with the analysis of methodology of Environmental Performance Index. The authors analyzed and systematized the main existing integrated indices, which were used for evaluation of environmental, social and economic situation in the countries. The authors allocated the environmental performance index as a basis for analyzing the environmental policy of the country. In this direction, the authors analysed the main features, structure and indicators of environmental performance index. The authors allocated the world-leader countries with huge level of CO2 emissions. According to the results, the authors aproved that these countries should improve their environmental policy. Accordingly, they occupied less position in environmental performance index. For the purpose to analyze the relation between ecological, social and economic welfare, the authors analyzed score of sustainable development goal index, social progress index and gross domestic product per capita. The comparison analysis of findings showed that countries with good position on environmental performance index have the strong position on sustainable development goal index and social progress index. The authors suggested that Ukraine should orient to the EU countries with purpose to improve the environmental policy.
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Evaluating the nationalization & privatization effect: a case of Indian banking industry
Manju Rajan Babu ,
Ashok Kumar M.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.13(1).2018.02
Banks and Bank Systems Volume 13, 2018 Issue #1 pp. 11-21 Views: 2854 Downloads: 403 TO CITE АНОТАЦІЯThe facilitation of economic transactions and friendly investor environment is undertaken through effective performance of financial systems. Mobilization of savings and funding the profitable business opportunities are essential in improving the efficiency of intermediation. The study aims to evaluate the effects of nationalization and privatization on Indian banks. Various factors have been considered to examine the effects of privatization and nationalization, including sources of public sector inefficiency, measures of firm performance, econometric issues, and the mode of privatization. The data was collected for the period of 1998 to 2016 from Indian banks. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was used to evaluate the financial reports of the banks selected to evaluate the efficiency of input and output variables. Positive results were observed, concerning the efficiency and profitability of banking industry after banks’ privatization. Performance of private banks has been observed effective and efficient as compared to the public sector banks. Privatization of banks must be increased and maintained to sustain the efficiency of the banks and implement strategies to maintain the assets. Future studies may recruit more appropriate sample size to evaluate the privatization and nationalization effects of Indian banking industry. Greater number of banks will provide more precise results, using data envelopment analysis.
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Role of travel and tourism sector in the attainment of Vision 2030 in Saudi Arabia: An analytical study
Anis Ali ,
Anas A. Salameh
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(2).2021.23
Problems and Perspectives in Management Volume 19, 2021 Issue #2 pp. 276-290 Views: 2311 Downloads: 463 TO CITE АНОТАЦІЯTourism is the main service industry significantly developing in the world. It is recognized as the critical factor in economic improvement in various countries. Saudi Arabia is one of the oldest and most famous spots for pilgrimage tourism due to its Islamic heritage. The study analyzes data available on the websites of the Saudi government to specify the contribution of travel and tourism revenue to the economy and its trend, occupancy of residential, and transportation capacity. A tourism satisfaction questionnaire was administered online to get the responses of Saudi nationals and residents related to tourism infrastructure, facilities, and other tourism services in Saudi Arabia. Ranks and percentage analysis were applied to get the relational satisfaction of tourists. Index numbers, ratios, percentages, and coefficient of variations were applied to get the trend, yearly fluctuations, variations, weights, and contribution of tourism avenues. There is a positive but low degree correlation between tourism revenue and the GDP of Saudi Arabia for the period from 2010 to 2018. The results indicate either negative or negligibly positive revenue growth of the accommodation/hotel services, food services, and air transportation. Two-thirds of tourists are either strongly satisfied or satisfied with essential and other tourism services and facilities in Saudi Arabia. Apart from tourist satisfaction, the Saudi government may consider a variety of services as per the economic level of the targeted tourists, and softening of visiting visa procedures and fees to enhance tourism revenue of major contributors for the positive and progressive development to the economy.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia, for providing financial support to complete this project (Project No: 2020/02/16978).
