“Fiscal decentralization and macroeconomic stability: the experience of Ukraine’s economy”

The main objective of this research is to study the role and impact of fiscal decentralization on the macroeconomic stability of the country. The paper analyzes and systematizes approaches to the definition of ‘macroeconomic stability’ concept. The key factors that impact macroeconomic stability are identified. In the framework of this research, the authors identify fiscal decentralization as one of the factors affecting macroeconomic stability. To determine the strength and statistical significance of the above mentioned relationship, the authors suggest presenting macroeconomic stability as a functional dependency between macroeconomic stability and the level of fiscal decentralization, which is described by the following variables: the growth rate of money supply, investment and openness of the economy, fiscal decentralization. In this case, it is suggested to determine the level of fiscal decentralization in three directions: expenditure decentralization, revenue decentralization and expenditure decentralization simultaneously.


INTRODUCTION
European integration processes, functioning in a changing environment, uncertainty and inconsistency of government decisions cause socio-ecological and economic conflicts and contradictions in all spheres of economic activity.Consequently, this leads to imbalances and instability in the national economy.Thus, it is necessary to distinguish the factors and study the strength of their impact on macroeconomic stability.
It should be noted that one of the priority goals of Sustainable Development Strategy "Ukraine -2020" is to ensure national macroeconomic stability, which in turn will form the basis for further sustainable growth of the country.The Strategy aims to achieve these goals by implementing a number of reforms, including decentralization reforms.In addition, decentralization policy is aimed at moving away from the centralized governance model, ensuring effective local self-government and building an effective regional government system in Ukraine, implementation of The European Charter of Local Self-Government, the principles of subsidiarity, universal and financial self-sufficiency of local authorities (Strategy, 2015).Thus, studying the role and impact of fiscal decentralization on the macroeconomic stability of the national economy is relevant.Therefore, it is necessary to use and combine several modern economic and mathematical methods for the analysis of decentralization impact on macroeconomic stability of the country.

LITERATURE REVIEW
The variety of methods used to analyze macroeconomic stability, on the one hand, depends on the complexity of definition of essence and content of 'macroeconomic stability' concept, and, on the other hand, on the deep analysis of all dependencies between indicators used as a result of this complexity.
Therefore, in economic literature, there are several approaches to the definition of macroeconomic stability concept: as the equilibrium of the basic macroeconomic indicators (Żuchowska, 2013;Hurduzeu & Lazar, 2015;Ionita, 2015), as the process of good macro-management of the country's economy through setting out an effective government policy (Kuroyanagi et al., 1996), as the stability of financial and monetary system of the national economy (Guarata & Pagliacci, 2017;Vasilyeva et al., 2016;Polchanov, 2017), as a stability of financial market, particularly banking sector (Slav'yuk, 2017; Yushko, 2016), as a reduction in the amplitude of fluctuation of the main macroeconomic indicators (Ahangari et al., 2014;Montiel & Servén, 2006), as the basis for sustainable economic growth (Haghighi et al., 2012;Easterly & Kraay, 2000), as sustainable development of the corporative sector in economy and stock market, which is a base of national economy (Chigrin & Pimonenko, 2014;Leonov et al., 2014), etc. Besides, Kmetová et al. (2017), noted that the effective and legitimate tax systems which correspond to EU requirements were considered to be an integral part of the strategy which leads straight to macroeconomic stability.Moreover, Žigman (2017) noted that fiscal councils are extremely important to ensure a macroeconomic stability through conducting the fiscal policy and decreasing the influence of politics on public finance management.Dzomira (2017) approved that macroeconomic stability depends on the public sector stability.In this case, Dzomira (2017) proposed to minimize the governance and financial health risks in the public sector.However, the concept of macroeconomic stability includes price level stability as the key part.
Studying the impact of decentralization on economic growth and macroeconomic stability Martínez-Vázquez and Mcnab (2006) conclude that decentralization has a positive impact on price stability in developed countries, although they indicate that this impact is much less clear in developing and transitional countries.As an indicator of macroeconomic stability, the authors use the inflation rate, while emphasizing that for more thorough evaluation of macroeconomic stability, it is better to use a composite index, equal to the sum of the unemployment rate and the inflation rate, however, relevant data shortage for 52 developing and developed countries for the period 1972-1997 did not allow the authors to conduct a more in-depth research.
Iqbal and Nawaz (2010) studying the impact of Pakistan's fiscal decentralization on macroeconomic stability use Misery Index equal to the sum of the unemployment rate and the inflation rate as an indicator of macroeconomic stability.The assessment presented by the authors reports a positive and statistically significant impact of fiscal decentralization on macroeconomic stability, highlighting the positive effect of decentralization reforms being undertaken by the Government of Pakistan.Using Misery Index as an indicator of macroeconomic stability allowed Osmond Okonkwo and Godslov (2015) with the help of Error Correction Model (ECM) to ground the idea about a significant impact of fiscal decentralization and fiscal dependence ratio on macroeconomic stability in Nigeria.A number of studies have also shown the positive impact of decentralization on macroeconomic stability.Makreshanska and Petrevski (2015) reported that decentralizing government activities contributes to lowering inflation in the group of 11 former transition economies from Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) for the period from 1997 to 2001.King and Ma (2001) found that in developed countries, decentralization has a negative impact on macroeconomic instability, but that dependence for 49 countries during the period 1973-1994 is not significant for the whole sample.Akai and Sakata (2002) used a set of data that incorporated minimal historical differences, culture and stage of economic development of the U.S. to determine the real impact of fiscal decentralization on economic growth.Shah (2006) who distinguished between centralized and decentralized fiscal regimes (the Brazilian Federation and the unitary regime in China), found that this is a decentralized fiscal system that has the highest potential for macroeconomic management improvement.
One of the conclusions of the work "Decentralization and macroeconomic instability: The importance of political and institutional factors" (Jalil et al., 2012) is the denial of conventional wisdom regarding catastrophic impacts of decentralization on macroeconomic stability.
Nevertheless, it should be mentioned that Feltensteina and Iwata (2005) based on the analysis of vector autoregressive (VAR) model with latent variables for China for the period 1952-1996 come to the opposite conclusion stating about negative relationship between inflation and decentralization.The same conclusion is shared by the author of "Fiscal decentralization, central bank independence and inflation: a panel investigation" (Neyapti, 2004) who thinks that, despite country's low-inflation and highinflation fiscal decentralization has statistically negative effects on inflation.Treisman (2000) by using a panel data set of 87 countries for the period 1970-1980 finds that there is no clear relationship between decentralization and the level of inflation, and all theoretical approaches to a possible relationship between decentralization and macroeconomic outcomes result in three alternative theories: the commitment theory, the theory of collective action, and the theory of continuity.Thornton (2007) conducted a study of 19 ОЕСР countries for the period 1980-2000 and found that the dependence of impact of revenue decentralization on inflation was not statistically significant.At the same time, for more qualitative analysis of relationship between fiscal decentralization and economic growth, the author focuses on the share of revenue of sub-national governments, over which sub-national governments have full autonomy.
Scientists from The University of Queensland (Australia) Bodman, Campbell, Heaton, and Hodge (2009) investigated the impact of decentralization on the Australian economy at both aggregate and state levels using the regression model: where t g -the value of the macroeconomic variable of interest in period 1972, ..., 2005; t = t x -a set of control variables that are useful in explaining the determinants of the macroeconomic variable, including a constant term; t d -a measure of fiscal decentralization; t ε - the error term, both in period , t did not show straightforward impact of fiscal decentralization on the Australian economy.Consequently, at the aggregate level, decentralization is found to decrease medium-term economic growth, worsen the budget balance and increase, and аt the state level, decentralization is generally found to have no significant impact on the distribution of income but a weak negative effect on economic growth the size of the public sector (Bodman et al., 2009).

OBJECTIVE
Keeping this in view, the prime objective of this study is to assess the impact of fiscal decentralization on current macroeconomic stability of Ukraine, complemented by the authors' proposals to incorporate different approaches to the measure of macroeconomic stability.

DATA AND METHODS
We use the empirical model suggested by Bodman, Campbell, Heaton, and Hodge (2009), Iqbal and Nawaz (2010), Makreshanska and Petrevski (2015) to analyze the relationship between fiscal decentralization and macroeconomic stability.It is given in the following functional form: where MI represents the various alternative measures of macroeconomic stability; ( ) f FD -functional dependence between macroeconomic stability and the level of fiscal decentralization.Model (2) can be presented as a regression equation: where FD represents the various alternative measures of fiscal decentralization; Z is a vector of other exogenous variables explaining the behav-ior of macrostability over time (the growth rate of money supply 2, M investment Inv and openness of the economy Open ); , α β and δ are the con- stant, ε represents the error term.
As stated in Iqbal and Nawaz (2010), evaluation of fiscal decentralization can be realized both for revenues and expenditures, hence, the regression equation can be of three types: for expenditure decentralization ( ): where R FD -the ratio of local budgets revenue to the consolidated budget revenue; for revenue and expenditure decentralization simultaneously: where à rU k = ⋅⋅ presents a triangle area called real sphere triangle that characterizes the relation between unemployment and the dynamic inflation, it grows whenever the unemployment rate falls; b U C P I k = ⋅⋅ defined as the shortage- flation triangle which is dependent on the unemployment rate and the dynamics of inflation; c CPI G k = ⋅⋅ is called the budget and inflation triangle; d G CA k = ⋅⋅ which is defined as the fi- nancial equilibrium triangle and is shown as a result from amount of the budget and current balances; e CA r k = ⋅⋅ is defined by the variability of the current account balance and the dynamics of the global product and called as external sector triangle; and the value of coefficient k is determined as 12 k/ = sin 72°.
where j A -normalized values of j sub-index of the indicator of macroeconomic stabilization (IMS); max X and min X -the maximum and mini- mum value of the corresponding sub-index of the indicator of macroeconomic stabilization (IMS) which may vary in the range: • from 0 to 10 for change in GDP ( );  based on the arithmetic mean of normalized indicators method: 1) the fiscal deficit to GDP ratio; 2) the sum of the unemployment and inflation rates; 3) the external debt-to-GDP ratio (Briguglio et al., 2009).The normalization procedure is carried out using the formula: where ij XS -normalized value of j criterion in the investigated country ; i ij X -the current value of the corresponding j criterion in the investigated country ; i , j MaxX j MinX -the maximum and minimum value of the investigated j criterion, respectively.

RESULTS
To apply the proposed method for assessing the impact of fiscal decentralization on macroeconomic stability, we have calculated the variables of macroeconomic stability (Table 1) as dependent variable of the regression equation ( 3), based on the collected and processed statistical date set from Ukraine (World Bank, 2017) covering the period from 2000 to 2015. Figure 1 shows that the value of macroeconomic stability, regardless of the evaluation method, steadily moved from peaks to troughs, which can be divided into three periods: the pre-crisis period (2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006), the crisis period (2007-2010), and post-crisis period (2011-2015).In particular, during the period of stable industrial production growth, low inflation, public debt reduction, Ukraine's 2003 IMS level was the highest compared to other analyzed periods and was 41.36, which can be interpreted as a very stable economy (Zaman & Drcelic, 2009).The indicators of macroeconomic stability MSP and MS show the same positive dynamics during that period.At the same time, MSP decline from 0.527 in 2000 to 0.326 in 2008 allows to conclude about the lack of proper coordination in economic policies in Ukraine to achieve a high level of macroeconomic stability.It should be mentioned that in all the graphs in Figure 1, the peak of macroeconomic stability decline is the financial and economic crisis of 2008-2009, and despite the gradual recovery of the economy in 2011-2015, the level of macroeconomic stability of the country remains significantly lower than the growth rate in the pre-crisis period.The statistical analysis of the dependent and explanatory variables of the regression equation (3) using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test showed that the data in this series are nonstationary in this study; therefore, in order to obtain a correct explanation of the results, we will perform the procedure for finding the first statistical data differences.In this case, the data are expressed in logs, and the first differences are explained as growth rates and result in the stationarity of the series (Table 3).
The stationarity of data series allows using the OLS method (least squares) to set up the regression equations ( 4)- (6).Results are reported in Table 4.We emphasize that, if the indicator of macroeconomic stability of the country is an integral indicator that characterizes the main goals of macroeconomic policy of the state: high rates of production development, full employment, slowdown in inflation, external payments balance, a stable exchange rate of the national currency, etc., the accuracy of the dependent variable assessment, which is explained by the dependence model, increases.
In particular, R-squared value varies from 0.6614 to 0.7986 when using MSP, IMS and MS as an integral indicator of macroeconomic stabilization.

CONCLUSION
The current study analyzes the relationship between fiscal decentralization and macroeconomic stability in Ukraine for the period 2000-2015.The results of the empirical analysis of the constructed regression equations, which are based on the study of independent random variables impact: the growth rate of money supply, investment and openness of the economy, fiscal decentralization (predictors) and dependent macroeconomic stability variable, showed that the accuracy of the findings increases, when we use the indicator of macroeconomic stability of the country as an integral indicator (synthetic index , MSP indicator of macroeconomic stabilization , IMS index of macroeconomic stability MS ), which characterizes the main goals of macroeconomic policy of the state: high rates of production development, full employment, slowdown in inflation, external payments balance, stable exchange rate of the national currency, etc.
The analysis of macroeconomic stability, regardless the assessment method, allowed us to conclude that there was a lack of proper coordination in economic policies in Ukraine to achieve a high level of macroeconomic stability.In particular, in the pre-crisis period (2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006), Ukraine achieved a very stable economy level with the highest IMS compared to other periods analyzed and was 41.36, but in the post-crisis period 2011-2015, the level of macroeconomic stability remained much lower than the growth rate in the pre-crisis period.Meanwhile, the results of the regression equations analysis allow the authors to conclude that decentralization reforms in Ukraine in 2014 will ultimately lead to a stable macro environment.

2 M
as percent of GDP; Inv -gross fixed capital formation as per- cent of GDP; Open -ratio of foreign trade turnover (export plus import) to country's GDP; E FD -the ratio of local budgets expenditures to the consolidated budget expenditures; 15 ... αα -constant;for revenue decentralization ( ):

g
• from 5 to 25 for change in unemployment rate ( ); u • from 0.92 to 4.61 for change in inflation ( ); p • from -10 to 2 for change in budget deficit as a percentage of GDP ( ); bd • from 10 to 65 for change in foreign deficit/ debt ( ).

fd•
Index of Macroeconomic Stability (MS) is

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Graphical interpretation of the analysis of macroeconomic stability of Ukraine for the period 2000-2015 (own calculations based on data from)

Table 1 .
Calculation of macroeconomic stability of Ukraine over the period 2000-2015 (our own calculations based on data from) Year, CPI

Table 2 .
Descriptive statistics of the main dependent and explanatory variables of the regression equation (based on our own calculations)

Table 3 .
Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistics of dependent and explanatory variables of the regression equation (based on our own calculations)

Table 4 .
Results of impact assessment of fiscal decentralization on macroeconomic stability of Ukraine for the period 2000-2015 (based on our own calculations)